Kingdom of Tahiti

Kingdom of Tahiti
Capital		Papeete (from 1847)
Official language(s)		Tahitian
Demonym		Tahitian
Government		Monarchy
-	King/Queen of Tahiti
-	Advisors[disambiguation needed ]
-	High Commissioner (after French colonization)
Overseas collectivity
-	unification of Tahiti	1788–1791
-	French Protectorate over Tahiti	1842
-	French annexation of Society and Marquesas Islands	1880
Currency		British pound, French franc

The Kingdom of Tahiti was founded by paramount chief Pōmare I, who, with the aide of English missionaries and traders, and European weaponry, unifed the islands of Tahiti, Moʻorea, Tetiaroa, Mehetia and at its peak consists of the other Society Islands of eastern Polynesia. Their leaders were Christian following the baptism of Pomare II. Their progressive rise and recognition by Europeans allowed Tahiti to remain free from a planned Spanish colonization, as well as English and earlier French claims to the islands. The Kingdom was one of a number of independent Polynesian states in Oceania, alongside Hawaii, Samoa, Tonga, Rarotonga, and Niue in the 19th century. They are known for bringing a period of peace and cultural and economic prosperity to the islands over the reign of the five Tahitian monarchs.

Tahiti and its dependencies were made a French protectorate in 1842, and largely annexed as a colony of France in 1880. The monarchy was abolished by France shortly thereafter, though there are still pretenders and many Tahitians still wish for a return of the monarchy, some of whom claim that the act of abolishing the monarchy was either outright illegal, or outside of certain jurisdictions.

History

The Beginning

Pōmare I, founder of the Pōmare dynasty and King of Tahiti

Pōmare I was born at Pare, ca. 1743, second son of Teu Tunuieaiteatua by his wife, Tetupaia-i-Hauiri. He initially reigned under the regency of his father. He succeeded on the death of his father as Ariʻi-rahi of Porionuʻu 23 November 1802.

In terms of European encroachment in the period immediately encompassing the period of Pomare I, in 1774, there was a Spanish attempt at colonizing the islands, followed by a 1797 settlement by 30 persons on missionary ships: "The attempt at colonization by the Spaniards in 1774 was followed by the settlement of thirty persons brought in 1797 by the missionary ships "Duff." Though befriended by Pomare I. (who lived till 1805), they had many difficulties, especially from the constant wars, and at length they fled with Pomare II. to Eimeo and ultimately to New South Wales, returning in 1812, when Pomare renounced heathenism."^[1]

The Tahitian chieftain most friendly with the British was Pomare. The additional British captains arriving at Tahiti accepted his claim to hegemony. They gave him guns in trade and helped him in his battles. Captain Cook gave him the advantage in a number of battles with rival forces during his last stay in Tahiti, circa 1779.^[2] British missionaries arrived, sent by a non-denominational Protestant group called the London Missionary Society. Pomare befriended the missionaries, and the missionaries favored both peace and Pomare, but, with the British unwilling to apply force to create order among the islands, the missionaries were unable to stop the warring.

As king, Pōmare I succeeded in uniting the different chiefdoms of Tahiti into a single kingdom, composed of the islands of Tahiti itself, Moʻorea, Mehetiʻa, and the Tetiʻaroa group. His service as the first king of unified Tahiti ended when he abdicated in 1791, but he remained the regent of Tahiti from 1791 until 1803. He married 4 times and had two sons and three daughters.

By now, islanders were passing to each other diseases that had arrived with the Europeans—diseases for which they had undeveloped immunities. Many islanders were dying. And, in 1803, Pomare died. His son, Otu, became head of the family, with the title Pomare II. Tū Tūnuiʻēʻaiteatua Pōmare II reigned 1803–1821. The missionaries remained allied with the Pomare family. Despite their pacifism, they wanted to see Pomare II successful in uniting the islanders under his rule.

Consolidation

Pomare II

King Pomare II

Pōmare II, King of Tahiti (1774 – December 7, 1821), fully Tu Tunuieaiteatua Pomare II or in modern orthography Tū Tū-nui-ʻēʻa-i-te-atua Pōmare II (historically misspelled as Tu Tunuiea'aite-a-tua), was the second king of Tahiti between 1782 and 1821. He was installed by his father Pōmare I at Tarahoi, 13 February 1791. He ruled under regency from 1782 to 1803.

Initially recognised as supreme sovereign and Ariʻi-maro-ʻura by the ruler of Huahine, he was subsequently forced to take refuge in Moʻorea 22 December 1808, but returned and defeated his enemies at the Battle of Te Feipī, 15 November 1815. He was thereafter recognized as undisputed King (Te Ariʻi-nui-o-Tahiti) of Tahiti, Moʻorea and its dependencies.

Other chieftains on Tahiti became fed up with what they saw as Pomare's pretensions of power, and in 1808 they drove him from Tahiti to the nearby island of Eimeo (Moorea). These other chieftains hostile towards the missionaries, which caused the missionaries to leave Tahiti for other islands.

Pomare II believed that his fall was a sign of having lost favor with the god 'Oro, and, aided by the missionary Henry Nott, he began paying more attention to the god of the Christians. Pomare II organized military support from his kinsmen on the islands of Raiatea, Bora Bora and Huahine. Warring resumed, with Pomare winning the decisive Battle of Feii, on November 12, 1815. His victory was a victory also for the Christians. And, in victory Pomare surprised the Tahitians. He pardoned all who laid down their weapons. When defeated warriors returned from the hills, they found their homes had not been set afire and that their wives and children had not be slaughtered. The warfare culture of the islanders had been changed by the influence that the missionaries had on Pomare II. Centralized authority among chiefs was not traditional in Tahiti, but the missionaries welcomed Pomare's new power. Distress from disease, civil war and death won for them serious attention to their teachings. They launched a campaign to teach the islanders to read, so they could read scripture. There were mass conversions in hope of the supernatural protections that Christianity offered. The missionaries told the islanders how to dress. The climate was suitable to exposing the skin to the greater cool of open air, but for the missionaries cool was no consideration. Little clothing for them was indecent exposure.

Another lifestyle promoted by the missionaries was manufacturing, the missionaries setting up a sugar refinery and a textile factory. In 1817, Tahiti acquired it first printing press, and, in 1819, cotton, sugar and coffee crops were planted.

Pomare II asked the missionaries for advice on laws, and the missionaries, being monarchists and wanting Pomare to be a proper monarch, advised him that the laws would have to be his, not theirs. They did make suggestions, however, and in September 1819, Pomare produced Tahiti's first written law. There was protection of life and property, observance of the Sabbath, a sanctification of marriage and a judiciary to maintain the laws.

Pōmare II was married first before March 1797 (betrothed January 1792) to Queen Tetua-nui Taro-vahine Ariʻi of Vaiari (now Papeari), who died at ʻArue, 21 July 1806.

He was baptised 16 May 1819 at the Royal Chapel, Papeʻete – Christianity and the support of English missionaries aided the centralisation of monarchic power.

Three London Missionary Society missionaries, Henry Bicknell, William Henry, and Charles Wilson preached at the baptism of King Pomare II. Afterwards, "Henry Bicknell stood on the steps of the pulpit, took water from a basin held by William Henry, and poured it" on King Pomare's head. Source: "The Evangelical magazine and missionary chronicle, Volume 28"

Pomare II died of drink-related causes at Motu Uta, Moʻorea, 7 December 1821. Pomare II died in 1824 at the age of forty-two, leaving behind an eight-year-old daughter and a five-year-old son. The son, Teriʻi-ta-ria and Pōmare III, ruled in name from 1821 to 1827 while being educated by the missionaries. He died in 1827 of an unknown disease, and the daughter, then eleven, became Queen Pomare IV.

Pomare III

Flag (1822–1829)

Pōmare III, King of Tahiti (1820–1827), more properly Teriʻi-ta-ria Pōmare III, was the king of Tahiti between 1821 and 1827. He was the second son of Pōmare II.

He was born at Papaʻoa, ʻArue, 25 June 1820 as Teri'i-ta-ria, and was baptised 10 September 1820. He succeeded to the throne on the death of his father 7 December 1821. He was crowned at Papaʻoa, ʻArue, 21 April 1824. Pomare III's education took place at the South Sea Academy, Papetoai, Moʻorea. He reigned under a council of Regency until his death 8 January 1827. During his reign, the Kingdom's first flag was adopted.

He was succeeded by his sister, ʻAimata Pōmare IV Vahine-o-Punuateraʻitua, who reigned 1827–1877.

The Reign of Pōmare IV

Queen Pomare IV

Pōmare IV, Queen of Tahiti (28 February 1813 – 17 September 1877), more properly ʻAimata Pōmare IV Vahine-o-Punuateraʻitua (otherwise known as ʻAimata {meaning: eye-eater, after an old custom of the ruler to eat the eye of the defeated foe} or simply as Pōmare IV), was the queen of Tahiti between 1827 and 1877.^{[3] [4]}

She was the daughter of Pōmare II. She succeeded as ruler of Tahiti after the death of her brother Pōmare III when she was only 14 years old.

She succeeded in reuniting Raʻiatea and Porapora (Borabora) with the kingdom of Tahiti. She hosted numerous Britons, including a Charles Darwin.

The return of the Pitcairn Islanders

By 1829, of those who had arrived at Pitcairn on the Bounty only seven remained, but with their offspring they numbered 86. The supply of timber on Pitcairn was decreasing, and the availability of water was erratic.

Since the end of the Napoleonic wars, the Pitcairn islanders had been discovered by and had friendly contact with the British Navy and British authorities. In 1830, Tahiti's Queen Pomare IV invited the Pitcairners to return to Tahiti, and in March 1831, a British ship transported them there. The Tahitians welcomed the Pitcairners and offered them land. (But having been isolated and not having developed any immunity to the diseases now on Tahiti, the Pitcairners suffered from disease in alarming number. Fourteen of them died. The Tahitians took up a collection for the surviving Pitcairners, and for $500 a whaling captain took them back to Pitcairn.)^[5]

French Protectorate

Flag (1843–1880)

In 1842, a European crisis involving Morocco escalated between France and Great Britain when Admiral Dupetit Thouars, acting independently of the French government, convinced Tahiti's Queen Pomare IV to accept a French protectorate. George Pritchard, a Birmingham-born missionary and acting British Consul, had been away at the time. However he returned to work towards indoctrinating the locals against the Roman Catholic French. In November 1843, Dupetit-Thouars (again on his own initiative) landed sailors on the island, annexing it to France. He then threw Pritchard into prison, subsequently sending him back to Britain.

During this time Thouars managed to convince Pomare IV to sign to putting her country under the protection of France, although he was not empowered to do so, nor was he ever sanctioned in this regard. News of Tahiti reached Europe in early 1844. The French statesman François Guizot, supported by King Louis-Philippe of France, had denounced annexation of the island, and the treaty was never ratified by France.

However, the French did have an interest in the region, and the treaty was enforced from its signing by various factions. A war between the Tahitians and French went from 1843 to 1847. Pomare IV ruled under French administration from 1843 until 1877.

While the Dynasty retained their title for some time they lost, quite permanently, outright control of their country.

Death of Pomare IV

Pomare IV died from natural causes in 1877. She is buried in the Royal Mausoleum, Papaʻoa, ʻArue^{[disambiguation needed ]}. She was succeeded by Pōmare V, who reigned 1877–1880.

Pomare V and Forced Abdication

Pomare V, last king of Tahiti 1877–1880

Pōmare V, King of Tahiti (3 November 1839 – 12 June 1891) was the last king of Tahiti, reigning from 1877 until his forced abdication in 1880. He was the son of Queen Pōmare IV. He was born as Teri'i Tari'a Te-rā-tane and became Heir Apparent and Crown Prince (Ari'i-aue) upon the death of his elder brother on 13 May 1855. He became king of Tahiti on the death of his mother on 17 September 1877. His coronation was on 24 September 1877 at Pape'ete.

He married twice, first on 11 November 1857 to Te-mā-ri'i-Ma'i-hara Te-uhe-a-Te-uru-ra'i, princess of Huahine. He divorced her on 5 August 1861. His second marriage was to Joanna Mara'u-Ta'aroa Te-pa'u SALMON (thereafter known as Her Majesty The Queen Marau of Tahiti), at Pape'ete on 28 January 1875. He divorced her on 25 January 1888.

Pomare V had one son and two daughters.

The island of Tahiti and most of its satellites remained a French protectorate until the late 19th century, when King Pomare V (1842–1891) was forced to cede the sovereignty of Tahiti and its dependencies to France. On 29 June 1880, he gave Tahiti and its dependencies to France, whereupon he was given a pension by French government and the titular position of Officer of the Orders of the Legion of Honour and Agricultural Merit of France.

He died from alcoholism at the Royal Palace, Pape'ete, and is buried at the Tomb of the King, Utu'ai'ai in 'Arue.

Tomb of the King, Utu'ai'ai, 'Arue.

Queen Marau

Impact

The Dynasty left an indelible mark on Tahitian and surrounding cultures. At their height of power, the Pomares' managed to rule effectively from their base in Tahiti and Mo'orea a kingdom of islands spread over 3 million km² of sea and had diplomatic relations and influences from the Cook Islands to Rapa Nui. They experienced, and were indeed a part and product of the European Age of Exploration in the Pacific. They produced an unprecedented period of cultural ascendancy in Tahiti, and saw their people through a period of change, and foreign intervention. They both preserved traditions and independence for a time, while also serving as a conduit for suppression of culture and resigned to French demands, facilitating the subsequent colonization of Tahiti.

Monarchs of Tahiti (1791–1880)

Main article: List of monarchs of Tahiti

Regarding the Tuamotu

The Tuamotu archipelago was never annexed by France. They merely occupied it without making a proclamation of "sovereignty" and so it may legally remain the rightful property of the Pomare dynasty, and whosoever is the living heir. Instead, of a proper annexation, the French claimed the islands without having their legislative body ratify anything to that effect.

Due to the French not having ever properly annexed the Tuamotu archipelago, they have no de jure jurisdiction over the islands and could not abolish the monarchy there, so it remains in existence, and is landed to this day. France is, of course, the de facto authority over the Tuamotu.

Current status

As of February 2009, Tauatomo Mairau claims to be the heir to the Tahitian throne, and has attempted to re-assert the status of the monarchy in court. His claims are not recognised by France.^[6][7] On 28 May 2009, Joinville Pomare, an adopted member of the Pomare family, declared himself King Pomare XI, during a ceremony attended by descendants of leading chiefs but spurned by members of his own family. Other members of the family recognise his uncle, Léopold Pomare, as heir to the throne.^[8][9]

As of 2010, he has b^[10] een recognized as the heir to the throne and bears the title Prince Marau of Tahiti. He is working to have royal trust lands returned to him and his family. The French government mortgaged the land after World War II, and in doing so violated the terms of the agreement signed with Pomare V in 1880 which reserved control of the trust lands for the royal family of Tahiti. The banks may be in the process of freezing the assets, and Mairau is suing to prevent native Tahitians from being evicted from his trust lands, and wishes for them to retain their usage rights over the land.^[11]

Hau Pakumotu claims decent from Pomare V and sovereignty over French Polynesian sea, land, and airspace. He and his associates had received some attention in politics in the Tuamotu beforehand. He and associates assembled 100 people for a declaration of an independent Moorea, and claim to have 50,000 signatures supporting Moorea's independence.^{[12] [13]} (Although Moorea has only 16,000 people, the 50,000 signature figure is not necessarily untrue because it could imply that Hau Pakumotu received signatures from people both on Moorea and in other parts of French Polynesia.) He declared an indpendent Pakomotu Sovereign Republic State on Jane 25, 2010 and has called French Polynesia a "mistake". Hau Pakumotu was arrested in early June 2010 for illegally issuing ID cards for his republic.^{[14] [15]}

Notable Tahitians

Royalty and chieftains

• Pōmare I, King of Tahiti
• Pōmare II, King of Tahiti
• Teriitooterai Teremoemoe, Queen-Regent of Tahiti
• Teriitaria Ariipaeavahine, Queen-Regent of Tahiti
• Pōmare III, King of Tahiti
• Pōmare IV, Queen regnant of Tahiti
• Ariifaaite, Prince consort of Tahiti
• Pōmare V, King of Tahiti
• Marau Salmon, Queen consort of Tahiti
• Tamatoa V, Prince of Tahiti, later King of Raiatea
• Teriiourumaona, Princess of Tahiti and Raiatea, designated heir as Pōmare VI
• Teriimaevarua III, Princess of Tahiti, later Queen of Bora Bora
• Hinoi Pōmare, Prince of Tahiti
• Moetia Salmon Atwater, sister of Queen Marau
• Tute Tehuiarii, Tahitian chief and missionary
• Mauli Tehuiarii, Tahitian chiefess
• Manaiula Tehuiarii Sumner, Tahitian chiefess who married into Hawaiian nobility
• Ninito Teraiapo Sumner, Tahitian chiefess who married into Hawaiian nobility

Others

• Alexander Salmon, Sr. Secretary of Pōmare IV
• Alexander Salmon, Jr. Businessman and adventurer

See also

• Tahitians
• History of Tahiti
• List of monarchs of Tahiti
• Hawaii–Tahiti relations
• Pōmare Dynasty

References

1. ^ "The Tahitian Royal Family". The Tahitian Royal Family. http://www.janesoceania.com/tahiti_royals/index2.htm. Retrieved 26 August 2011. 
2. ^ "History of French Polynesia". History of French Polynesia. http://www.tahiti1.com/en/indentity/history.htm. Retrieved 26 August 2011. 
3. ^ "BRIEF HISTORY". TAHITI. http://www.royalark.net/Tahiti/tahiti.htm. Retrieved 7 September 2011. 
4. ^ "HM Queen Pomare IV (Aimata)". HM Queen Pomare IV (Aimata). Ancestry.com. http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/tahiti/i15.html. Retrieved 7 September 2011. 
5. ^ "Return of the Pitcairn Islanders". Return of the Pitcairn Islanders. http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/h43-pa.html. Retrieved 7 June 2011. 
6. ^ "Tahitian royal forms government". Radio New Zealand International. 22 January 2006. http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=21731. Retrieved 13 October 2011. 
7. ^ "Tahitian land activist claims France disregards 19th century treaties". Radio New Zealand International. 3 February 2009. http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=44554. Retrieved 13 October 2011. 
8. ^ "Joinville Pomare s'est fait introniser roi Pomare XI", Tahiti Presse, 28 May 2009
9. ^ "Joinville, l’homme qui voulait être roi… ", La Dépèche de Tahiti, 29 May 2009
10. ^ "New republic of Hau Pakumotu is the world's newest country". New republic of Hau Pakumotu is the world's newest country. http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/editorial/story.html?id=e60d8e6c-bd26-4787-8a72-ad4a1831f052. Retrieved 5 September 2011. 
11. ^ "King’ Mairau forges links between Tahiti and Cooks". King’ Mairau forges links between Tahiti and Cooks. 17. http://www.islandsbusiness.com/news/index_dynamic/containerNameToReplace=MiddleMiddle/focusModuleID=130/focusContentID=18775/tableName=mediaRelease/overideSkinName=newsArticle-full.tpl. Retrieved 9 June 2011. 
12. ^ "MOOREA CLAIMS TO HAVE SECEDED FROM FRENCH POLYNESIA". MOOREA CLAIMS TO HAVE SECEDED FROM FRENCH POLYNESIA. Indigenous Portal. http://www.indigenousportal.com/Self-Determination/MOOREA-CLAIMS-TO-HAVE-SECEDED-FROM-FRENCH-POLYNESIA.html. Retrieved 5 September 2011. 
13. ^ "History of Hau Repupirita Pakumotu". History of Hau Repupirita Pakumotu. http://flagspot.net/flags/pf%7Dpakum.html. Retrieved 5 September 2011. 
14. ^ "Self declard king stakes claim over Tahiti again". Self declard king stakes claim over Tahiti again. Australia Network News. http://australianetworknews.com/stories/201006/2937258.htm?desktop. Retrieved 5 September 2011. 
15. ^ "Le gouvernement Hau Pakumotu passe au recrutement…". Le gouvernement Hau Pakumotu passe au recrutement…. http://www.ladepeche.pf/article/societe/le-gouvernement-hau-pakumotu-passe-au-recrutement%E2%80%A6. Retrieved 5 September 2011. 

External links

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