Syrinx aruanus

Syrinx aruanus
Apertural view of a shell of Syrinx aruanus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
(unranked):	clade Caenogastropoda clade Hypsogastropoda clade Neogastropoda
Superfamily:	Muricoidea
Family:	Turbinellidae
Subfamily:	Turbinellinae
Genus:	Syrinx Röding, 1798[1]
Species:	S. aruanus
Binomial name
Syrinx aruanus (Linnaeus, 1758)[2]
Synonyms[6]
A synonym for the genus Syrinx: Megalatractus Murex aruanus Linnaeus, 1758 Megalatractus aruanus (Linnaeus, 1758) Murex gigas Born, 1780[3] Fusus proboscidiferus Lamarck, 1822[4] Cerithium brazieri Tryon, 1887[5]

Syrinx aruanus, common name the Australian trumpet or false trumpet, is a species of extremely large sea snail measuring up to 91 cm long and weighing up to 18 kg. It is a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinellidae, and is the only species in the genus Syrinx.

This is the largest living snail (shelled gastropod) species in the world, and arguably the largest (heaviest) gastropod in the world. Although the shell itself is quite well known to shell collectors because of its extraordinary size, little is known about the ecology and behavior of the species,^[7] except for one study about its feeding habits.

Taxonomy

1681 engraving of a shell of Syrinx aruanus by Filippo Bonanni. Here the coiling of the shell appears to be reversed, this is due to the engraving process.

In 1681, Filippo Bonanni depicted this species in the first book ever published that was solely about seashells.^[8] The book was entitled: Ricreatione dell' occhio e dela mente nell oservation' delle Chiociolle, proposta a' curiosi delle opere della natura, &c.^[9]

The taxonomic affinities of Syrinx aruanus were not properly understood for a long time. Until fairly recently it was placed in the family Melongenidae. A detailed taxonomic overview of this species was provided by Harasewych & Petit (1989).^[10]

Description

Dorsal view of a shell

This is the largest Recent (as opposed to fossil) shelled gastropod, and the largest shelled gastropod by weight. (However, the largest shell-less gastropod or slug is Aplysia vaccaria, a giant sea hare known as the California black sea hare. The largest A. vaccaria has been measured at 99 cm in length, making it the longest gastropod, and weighing in at almost 14 kg.) An extremely large species of fossil gastropod is Campanile giganteum.

The overall height (also known as length) of the shell of S. aruanus is up to 91 cm^[7] (see also Hawaiian Shell News, 1982). The weight of the shell is about 1800 g.

Drawing of the protoconch, from Tryon, 1887

The shell is usually pale apricot in color, however in life it is covered by thick brown or grey periostracum.^[11] The shell color can fade to a creamy yellow.^[12]The whole shell has a spindle-like shape. The spire of the shell is high. The whorls usually have a strong keel^[11] which can have nodules on it.^[12] The shell has a long siphonal canal. There are no folds on the columella, unlike some other genera within the same family.

Juvenile shells show a long tower-shaped protoconch or embryonic shell of 5 whorls, which is usually lost in the adult.^[12] This protoconch is about 2.5 cm long and looks so unlike the adult shell that it was described by George Washington Tryon in 1887 as a different species.

The weight of the animal (including the shell) can be up to 18 kg (40 lb). The radula of this species was described in detail by Wells et al. (2003).^[7]

Distribution

This species occurs in the northern half of Australia and adjacent areas, including eastern Indonesia and Papua New Guinea.^[12]

Ecology

These giant snails live on sandy bottoms in the intertidal zone and the sublittoral down to about 30 m.^[12] Where it has not been overfished, this snail is locally common. (Abbott & Dance, 1982)

This carnivorous species is specialized for feeding on polychaete worms in the genera Polyodontes (Acoetidae), Loimia (Terebellidae) and Diopatra (Onuphidae).^[7] It may seem unlikely for such a large gastropod to feed on worms, but worms in the family Acoetidae do include the largest polychaetes, with a length of over 1 meter. These worms live in tubes; Syrinx aruanus can reach them with its proboscis, which has a length of up to 250 mm.^[7]

Human uses

This species is fished both for its very large shell and for its edible flesh, which is sometimes used as bait.^[12] The shell is sold for shell collections and is used as a source of lime.^[12] Another use of its shell is as a water carrier.^[11]

Drawing of creating a nose-pin from the shell of Syrinx aruanus.

The indigenous peoples of Australia who live on the Pennefather River in Queensland, use (or used) a half-moon shaped nose-pin known as an imina which is made from the shell of Syrinx aruanus. This nose pin is employed by men only; the women use a piece of grass instead. In order to make one of these nose pins, if the Syrinx shell is fresh, then it can be worked on right away, but if it is dried out, the shell is first soaked for two or three days in water. After this, a portion of the shell which is near the suture and the keel on the body whorl is chipped out using a stone, (see image), and then is ground down with water. The resulting rib-shaped object is used as the nose-pin.^[13]

See also

• Pleuroploca gigantea, the largest living sea snail species in the Americas
• Aplysia vaccaria, the largest shell-less gastropod, and the longest gastropod

References

This article incorporates public domain text from reference^[13].

1. ^ Röding P. F. (1798). Museum Boltenianus sive Catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae olim collegerat. Pars secunda continens Conchylia sive Testacea univalvia, bivalvia & multivalvia. Trappi, Hamburg, viii. + 199 pp.
2. ^ Linnaeus C. (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. L. Salvii, Holmiae (Stockholm). 824 pp., page 275.
3. ^ Born I. von (1780). Testacea musei Caesarei Vindobonensis quae jussu Mariae Theresia. J. P. Kraus, Vienna. 442 pp., page 9.
4. ^ Lamarck J.B.P. de M. (1822). Histoire naturelle des Animaux sans Vertèbres. Verdiere, Paris. 711 pp., page 126.
5. ^ Tryon G. W. (1887). Manual of Conchology, structural and systematic, with illustrations of the species. Volume 9. Solariidae (by William B. Marshall), Ianthinidae, Trichotropidae, Scalariidae, Cerithiidae, Rissoidae, Littorinidae. 488 pp., 71 plates. Page 142, plate 26, figure 16.
6. ^ Syrinx aruanus (Linnaeus, 1758). OBIS Indo-Pacific Molluscan Database, accessed 6 August 2009
7. ^ ^{a b c d e} Wells F. E., Walker D. I. & Jones D. S. (eds.) (2003). "Food of giants – field observations on the diet of Syrinx aruanus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Turbinellidae) the largest living gastropod". The Marine Flora and Fauna of Dampier, Western Australia. Western Australian Museum, Perth.
8. ^ Buonanni's Chiocciole (1681). Accessed 8 August 2009.
9. ^ (Italian) Bonanni F. (1681). Ricreatione dell' occhio e dela mente nell oservation' delle Chiociolle, proposta a' curiosi delle opere della natura, &c. 1681. Varese, Rome, xiv, 384 pp., 109 plates. figure 101.
10. ^ Harasewych M.G. & Petit R.E. (1989). "The nomenclatural status and phylogenetic affinities of Syrinx aruanus Linne, 1758 (Prosobranchia: Turbinellidae)". The Nautilus 103(2): 83–84.
11. ^ ^{a b c} Dance S. P. (1992). Shells. Dorling Kindersley. London, New York, Stuttgart. 256 pp., ISBN 0-86318-811-7. page 141.
12. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Carpenter K. E. & Niem V. H. (eds.) (1998). FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Volume 1. Seaweeds, corals, bivalves and gastropods. Rome, FAO, ISSN 1020-4547, 686 pp., pages 603-617, page 605.
13. ^ ^{a b} Roth W. E. (1910). "North Queensland etnography". Records of the Australian Museum, Sydney, 8(1): page 1-106. page 30.

Further reading

• Kesteven H. L. (1904). "The anatomy of Megalatractus". Memoirs of the Australian Museum 4: 419–449.
• (1982). "Large Syrinx aruanus of shell length 36 inches (91.4cm) illustrated". Hawaiian Shell News 30(7): 12.

External links

• Two images of shells with periostracum at: [1]
• More good quality images of shells here: [2]