Miniopterus manavi

Miniopterus manavi
Miniopterus manavi
Conservation status
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Chiroptera
Family: Miniopteridae
Genus: Miniopterus
Species: M. manavi
Binomial name
Miniopterus manavi
Thomas, 1906
Collection localities of Miniopterus manavi

Miniopterus manavi is a bat in the genus Miniopterus that occurs in east-central Madagascar. First described in 1906, this species was later included in the mainland African Mminor. A 1995 revision united populations of small Miniopterus from Madagascar and the Comoros as Mmanavi, but molecular and morphological studies in 2008 and 2009 showed that this concept of Mmanavi in fact included five different species. Mmanavi itself was restricted to a few locations in the eastern Central Highlands and populations in the Comoros and northern and western Madagascar were allocated to different species.

Miniopterus manavi is a small, blackish or reddish-brown Miniopterus; its forearm length is 37.6 to 39.2 mm (1.48 to 1.54 in). The tragus (a projection in the outer ear) is narrow and ends in an angular tip. The uropatagium (tail membrane) is well-furred and the palate is flat.

Contents

Taxonomy

Miniopterus, a widespread genus of bats in Africa, southern Eurasia, and Australia, was first recorded from Madagascar by George Edward Dobson, who mentioned the larger Miniopterus schreibersii and the smaller Mscotinus (currently Mnatalensis) in his 1878 catalog of the bats in the British Museum.[2] In 1906, Oldfield Thomas named the larger species Mmajori and the smaller Mmanavi.[3] He regarded Mmanavi as close to the mainland African Mminor,[4] and in 1971, R.W. Hayman and J.E. Hill placed it as a subspecies of that species.[5] In their 1995 Faune de Madagascar review of Malagasy bats, however, Randolph Peterson and colleagues again separated Mmanavi as a species, with Mmanavi griveaudi (currently Miniopterus griveaudi) from Grande Comore as a subspecies.[6] Peterson, who died before the review was completed, had originally divided Mmanavi into several species occurring in different areas, but his collaborators decided conservatively to keep Mmanavi as a single species, recommending reassessment of the status of those forms as new material would become available.[7]

In the 2000s, molecular studies helped clarify the systematics of Miniopterus. In 2007, Javier Juste and colleagues, using sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene, found that bats from Madagascar (Mmanavi), Grande Comore (Mmanavi griveaudi) and São Tomé (Mminor newtoni; currently Miniopterus newtoni) did not cluster together to the exclusion of other African Miniopterus;[8] however, their samples of "Mmanavi" were in fact misidentified Mmajori.[9] The next year, Nicole Weyeneth and colleagues used cytochrome b and mitochondrial D-loop sequences to assess the relationships of Comoran Miniopterus.[10] They found two unrelated clades within Malagasy and Comoran samples of "Miniopterus manavi", neither of which was closely related to Mnewtoni or to Tanzanian samples of Mminor.[11]

During 2009, Steven Goodman and colleagues published two papers that found a total of five genetically and morphologically distinct species within Miniopterus manavi as defined by Peterson and colleagues (1995), up to four of which can be found in a single locality.[12] In order to determine the true identity of Mmanavi, Goodman and Claude Maminirina obtained bats near the type locality of Mmanavi (the site where the original material was collected, from which the species was described) for inclusion in the analysis; they also sequenced one of Thomas's original specimens.[13] Among the five species they identified, Mgriveaudi occurs on Grande Comore and Anjouan and in northern and western Madagascar; Maelleni occurs on Anjouan and in northern and western Madagascar; Mbrachytragos is found in northern Madagascar only; Mmahafaliensis is confined to the southwestern part of the island; and Mmanavi itself is known only from the eastern edge of the Central Highlands.[14] These five species are not each others' closest relatives according to analyses of cytochrome b sequences and their similarities reflect convergent evolution.[15] Cytochrome b suggested that the closest relative of Mmanavi is the slightly larger Mpetersoni from southeastern Madagascar.[16] Two specimens of Mmanavi differed by 1.3% in their cytochrome b sequences and by 2.5% from Mpetersoni.[17]

Description

Miniopterus manavi is a diminutive species[18] with fur of medium length.[19] The upperparts are blackish or reddish brown.[20] Other small Malagasy Miniopterus are lighter.[21] The ears mostly lack hair and end in a rounded tip. The tragus (a projection on the inner side of the outer ear) is thin for most of its length, ends in an angular tip, and has a flange at the medial side (towards the midline of the animal).[22] The tragus is differently shaped in other species.[18] The wings and uropatagium (tail membrane) are blackish and are attached to the upper leg at the same level, above the ankle.[22] The uropatagium is densely haired above and more sparsely below, as in Mmahafaliensis and Mbrachytragos; Mgriveaudi and Maelleni have more nearly naked uropatagia.[23]

In the single specimen of true Mmanavi that Goodman and colleagues could measure, total length is 90 mm (3.5 in), tail length is 39 mm (1.5 in), hindfoot length is 6 mm (0.2 in), tragus length is 6 mm (0.2 in), ear length is 10 mm (0.4 in), and body mass is 6.4 g (0.2 oz). The length of the forearm is known from four specimens; it ranges from 37.6 to 39.2 mm (1.48 to 1.54 in), averaging 38.5 mm (1.52 in).[24]

In the skull, the rostrum (front part) is rounded.[22] The central groove in the nasal depression is relatively narrow.[25] The frontal bones are inflated and bear a prominent sagittal crest.[22] Further back on the braincase, the lambdoid crest is poorly developed.[25] The middle part of the palate is flat, not concave as in Mbrachytragos, Mgriveaudi, and Mmahafaliensis.[23] At the palate's back margin is a short, thick posterior palatal spine.[25]

Distribution and ecology

The currently known distribution of Mmanavi extends around the eastern margin of the Central Highlands, from the vicinity of Ambositra in the north to Vinanitelo in the south, at 900 to 1500 m (3000 to 4900 ft) above sea level.[26] The 2008 IUCN Red List assesses the species as "Least Concern", citing its wide distribution, though it is sometimes hunted for food. However, the account predates the recognition of Maelleni, Mbrachytragos, Mgriveaudi, and Mmahafaliensis as separate species.[1] Although some ecological data about Mmanavi have been published, these need to be reevaluated with the recognition of numerous additional species within Mmanavi.[27] Species of Miniopterus generally feed on insects, breed seasonally, and roost in large colonies in caves.[28] The myobiid mite Calcarmyobia comoresensis has been recorded on Mmanavi.[29]

References

  1. ^ a b Andriafidison et al., 2008
  2. ^ Dobson, 1878, pp350, 352; Hill, 1993, p401; Simmons, 2005, p521
  3. ^ Thomas, 1906, pp175176
  4. ^ Thomas, 1906, p176
  5. ^ Hill, 1993, p401
  6. ^ Simmons, 2005, p520
  7. ^ Goodman et al., 2009b, p28
  8. ^ Juste et al., 2007, pp30, 34
  9. ^ Weyeneth et al., 2008, fig2, p5215
  10. ^ Weyeneth et al., 2008, p5207
  11. ^ Weyeneth et al., 2008, p5205, figs23
  12. ^ Goodman et al., 2009a; 2009b, pp12
  13. ^ Goodman et al., 2009a, p346
  14. ^ Goodman et al., 2009b, pp56
  15. ^ Goodman et al., 2009b, p1
  16. ^ Goodman et al., 2009a, table 2; 2009b, p5, fig2
  17. ^ Goodman et al., 2009a, pp346347
  18. ^ a b Goodman et al., 2009b, p21
  19. ^ Thomas, 1906, p176
  20. ^ Thomas, 1906, p176; Goodman et al., 2009a, p349
  21. ^ Goodman et al., 2009b, pp2122
  22. ^ a b c d Goodman et al., 2009a, p349
  23. ^ a b Goodman et al., 2009b, p22
  24. ^ Goodman et al., 2009b, table 3
  25. ^ a b c Goodman et al., 2009a, p350
  26. ^ Goodman et al., 2009a, p351; 2009b, p5
  27. ^ Goodman et al., 2009b, p. 31
  28. ^ Nowak, 1994, p. 222
  29. ^ Uchikawa, 1985, p. 45

Literature cited


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