Mahāvastu

Early Buddhism

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Pali Canon Āgamas Gandharan texts

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First Sangha └ Mahāsāṃghika     ├ Ekavyahāraka     ├ Lokottaravāda     ├ Bahuśrutīya     ├ Prajñaptivāda     └ Caitika └ Sthaviravāda     ├ Mahīśāsaka     ├ Dharmaguptaka     ├ Kāśyapīya     ├ Sarvāstivāda     └ Vibhajyavāda         └ Theravāda

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The Mahāvastu (Sanskrit for "Great Event" or "Great Story") is a text of the Lokottaravāda school of Early Buddhism. It describes itself as being a historical preface to the Buddhist monastic codes (vinaya). Over half of the text is composed of Jātaka and Avadāna tales, accounts of the earlier lives of the Buddha and other bodhisattvas.^[1][2]

The Mahāvastu contains prose and verse written in mixed Sanskrit, Pali and Prakrit.^[3][4] It is believed to have been composed between the 2nd century BCE and 4th century CE.^[2][5]

Pali Canon parallels

The Mahāvastu's Jataka tales are similar to those of the Pali Canon although significant differences exist in terms of the tales' details. Other parts of the Mahāvastu have more direct parallels in the Pali Canon including from the Digha Nikaya (DN 19, Mahāgovinda Sutta), the Majjhima Nikaya (MN 26, Ariyapariyesana Sutta; and, MN 36, Mahasaccaka Sutta), the Khuddakapātha, the Dhammapada (ch. 8, Sahassa Vagga; and, ch. 25, Bhikkhu Vagga), the Sutta Nipata (Sn 1.3, Khaggavisāṇa Sutta; Sn 3.1, Pabbajjā Sutta; and, Sn 3.2, Padhāna Sutta), the Vimanavatthu and the Buddhavaṃsa.^[1][6]

Mahayana themes

The Mahāvastu is considered a primary source for the notion of a transcendent (lokottara) Buddha, common to all Mahāsāṃghika schools. According to the Mahāvastu, over the course of many lives, the once-human-born Buddha developed supramundane abilities including: a painless birth conceived without intercourse; no need for sleep, food, medicine or bathing although engaging in such "in conformity with the world"; omniscience; and, the ability to "suppress karma."^[7]

English translations

• Jones, J.J. (trans.) (1949–56). The Mahāvastu (3 vols.) in Sacred Books of the Buddhists. London: Luzac & Co.

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Law (1930), p. iv.
2. ^ ^{a b} "Mahāvastu" (2008).
3. ^ Jones (1949), pp. x–xi.
4. ^ Law (1930), "Introduction."
5. ^ Jones (1949), p. xi, writes: ""... the Mahāvastu is not the composition of a single author written in a well-defined period of time. Rather, it is a compilation which may have been begun in the second century B.C., but which was not completed until the third or fourth century A.D."
6. ^ Regarding the Dhammapada parallels, see Ānandajoti (2007), "Introduction," where Ānandajoti writes:

   Of the incomplete parallels, two chapters from yet another Dharmapada have been preserved in the Mahāvastu, one of the earliest of the Sanskritised Prakrit texts; one of the chapters is named as the Sahasravarga, and appears to be the whole of the chapter; the other is a selection that comes from an unnamed Bhikṣuvarga.

   (Retrieved 27 Nov 2008 from "Ancient Buddhist Texts" at http://www.ancient-buddhist-texts.net/Buddhist-Texts/C3-Comparative-Dhammapada/CD-00-Introduction.htm.) Also see ch. 8, "Sahassavagga" (http://www.ancient-buddhist-texts.net/Buddhist-Texts/C3-Comparative-Dhammapada/CD-08-Sahassa.htm), and ch. 25, "Bhikkhuvagga" (http://www.ancient-buddhist-texts.net/Buddhist-Texts/C3-Comparative-Dhammapada/CD-25-Bhikkhu.htm).
7. ^ Williams (1989/2007), pp. 18–19.

Sources

• Jones, J.J. (trans.) (1949–56). The Mahāvastu (3 vols.). London: Luzac & Co. Retrieved 5 May 2009 from "Internet Archive" Vol. I: http://www.archive.org/details/sacredbooksofbud16londuoft, Vol. II: http://www.archive.org/details/sacredbooksofbud18londuoft, and Vol. III: http://www.archive.org/details/sacredbooksofbud19londuoft.
• Law, Bimala Churn (1930). A Study of the Mahāvastu. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink & Co. Retrieved 26 Nov 2008 from "Internet Archive" at http://www.archive.org/details/studyofthemahava031355mbp.
• "Mahāvastu" (2008). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 26 Nov 2008, from "Encyclopædia Britannica Online" at http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/357994/Mahavastu.
• Ānandajoti Bhikkhu (2007). A Comparative Edition of the Dhammapada. U. of Peradeniya. Retrieved 25 Nov 2008 from "Ancient Buddhist Texts" at http://www.ancient-buddhist-texts.net/Buddhist-Texts/C3-Comparative-Dhammapada/index.htm.
• J.K. Nariman, Literary History of Sanskrit Buddhism, pp. 11–18 at http://www.us.archive.org/GnuBook/?id=literaryhistoryo00nariuoft#33.
• Williams, Paul (1989/2007). Mahāyāna Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-415-02537-9.