- Gandhāran Buddhist Texts
The Gandhāran Buddhist Texts are the oldest Buddhist manuscripts yet discovered, dating from about the first century CEcite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/uwpress/search/books/SALANC.html|title=UW Press: Ancient Buddhist Scrolls from Gandhara|accessdate=20080904] and also the oldest Indian manuscripts yet discovered. They were sold to European and Japanese institutions and individuals, and are currently being recovered and studied by several universities.
The Gandhāran texts are in a considerably deteriorated form (their survival at all is extraordinary), but educated guesses about reconstruction have been possible in several cases using both modern preservation techniques and more traditional textual scholarship, comparing previously known
Pāli andBuddhist Hybrid Sanskrit versions of texts.Collections
The British Library Collection
In 1994 the
British Library acquired a group of some eighty Gandharan manuscript fragments from the first half of the first century. They were written on birch bark and stored in clay jars, which preserved them. They are thought to have been found in eastern Afghanistan (Bamiyan,Jalalabad ,Hadda , which were part ofGandhara ), and the clay jars were buried in ancient monasteries. A team has been at work, trying to decipher the manuscript: three volumes have appeared. The manuscripts ware written in Gāndhārī using the IAST|Kharoṣṭhī script, and are therefore sometimes also called the Kharosthi Manuscripts.The collection is composed of a diversity of texts: a
Dhammapada , discourses of Buddha (for example the Rhinoceros Horn Sutra),Avadana s andPurvayoga s, commentaries andAbhidharma texts.There is evidence to suggest that these texts may belong to the
Dharmaguptaka school, an offshoot of the Theravadins (Salomon 2000, p.5). There is an inscription on a jar to that school, and there is some textual evidence as well. On a semi-related point, the Gandhāran text of theRhinoceros Sutra contains what may be a polemic against the Mahāyāna. (Salomon, 2000, p. 127)The Senior Collection
The Senior collection was bought by
R. Senior , a British collector. The Senior collection may be slightly younger than the British Library collection. It consists almost entirely of canonical sutras, and, like the British Library collection, was written on birch bark and stored in clay jars.The Schøyen collection
The Schøyen collection consists of
birch bark , palm leaf andvellum manuscripts. They are thought to have been found in the Bamiyan caves, where refugees were seeking shelter. Most of these manuscripts were bought by a Norwegian collector, namedMartin Schøyen , while smaller quantities are in possession of Japanese collectors. [http://www.comsdev.canterbury.ac.nz/news/2003/03021901.shtml] These manuscripts date from the second to the eighth century CE.The Schøyen collection includes fragments of canonical Suttas, Abhidharma, Vinaya and Mahayana texts. Most of these manuscripts are written in the Brahmi scripts, while a small portion is written in Gandhari/Karoshthi script
University of Washington
One more manuscript, written on birch bark in a Buddhist monastery of the
Abhidharma tradition, from the 1st or 2nd century CE, was acquired from a collector by theUniversity of Washington Libraries in 2002. It is an early commentary on the Buddha's teachings, on the subject of human suffering.The Khotan Dharmapada
In
1892 a copy of theDhammapada written in the GandhārīPrakrit was discovered nearKhotan inXinjiang , westernChina . It came to Europe in parts, some going toRussia and some toFrance . In1898 most of the French material was published in the "Journal Asiatique ". In1962 John Brough published the collected Russian and French fragments with a commentary.Published Material
Scholarly critical editions of the texts of the University of Washington and the British Library are being printed by the University of Washington Press in the "Gandhāran Buddhist Texts" seriescite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/uwpress/books/series/Seriesbuddhist.html|title=UW Press: Book in Series, Gandharan Buddhist Texts|accessdate=20080904] , beginning with a detailed analysis of the Ghāndārī Rhinoceros Sutra including
phonology , morphology,orthography ,paleography , etc. Material from the Schøyen Collection is published by Hermes Publishing, Oslo, Norway.The following scholars have published fragements of the Gandharan manuscripts:
Mark Allon ,Richard Salomon ,Timothy Lenz andJenz Braarvig . Some of the published material is listed below:1999 - "Ancient Buddhist Scrolls from Gandhara: The British Library Kharosthi Fragments", by
Richard Salomon ,F. Raymond Allchin , and Mark Barnard
2000 - "A Gandhari Version of the Rhinoceros Sutra: British Library Kharosthi Fragment 5B (Gandharan Buddhist Texts, 1)", by Andrew Glass and Richard Salomon
2000 - "Manuscripts in the Schøyen Collection I, Buddhist Manuscripts, Vol. 1.", by Braarvig, Jenz. Oslo: Hermes Publishing.
2003 - "A New Version of the Gandhari Dharmapada and a Collection of Previous-Birth Stories: British Library Karosthi Fragments 16 + 25 (GBT vol. 3)", Timothy Lenz, Seattle: University of Washington Press.ee also
* Gandhāra
*Schools of Buddhism
*Early Buddhist schools Notes
References
*Salomon, Richard. "Ancient Buddhist Scrolls from Gandhāra", University of Washington Press, Seattle, 1999, ISBN 0-295-97769-8.
* Salomon, Richard. "A Gāndhārī Version of the Rhinoceros Sutra: British Library IAST|Kharoṣṭhi Fragment 5B" Univ. of Washington Press: Seattle and London, 2000.
* Allon, Mark. "Wrestling with Kharosthi Manuscripts", BDK Fellowhip Newsletter, No 7, 2004.External links
* [http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/themes/asianafricanman/budscrolls.html "Gandharan scrolls"] from the
British Library 's on-line gallery.
* [http://depts.washington.edu/ebmp/ebmpintro.php "The British Library IAST|Kharoṣṭhī Fragments"] from UW's Early Buddhist Manuscripts Project.
* [http://www.schoyencollection.com/Buddhism.htm The Schoyen Collection]
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