- Demography of Nair community
-
The total population of the Nair community is disputed, since there has been no caste based census since 1931. Harry W. Blair has explained that
With British autocracy went a consuming interest in ethnography that produced very thorough census of caste during the Raj but as autocracy was replaced with democracy and elections, ethnographic passion was also replaced by an official egalitarianism that refused to countenance the reporting of caste in the government censuses for any groups other than the Scheduled Castes.[1]According to the 1891 Census of India, the total population of Nairs stood at 980,860 (Excluding subcastes like Maarans and Samanthan Nairs). Out of this, 483,725 (49.3%) lived in Travancore, 101,691 (10.4%) in Cochin and 377,828 (38.5%) in Malabar. The reminder were mostly found in Madras Presidency (15,939) and other parts of British India (1,677).[2] Nairs numbered 1,046,748 in 1901 and 1,129,466 in 1911.[3]
The 1968 Socio-Economic Survey by the Government of Kerala gave the population of the Nair community as 14.41% of the total population of the state, constituting for 89% of the forward caste population in the state. But various sources site figures ranging from 15%,[4] 16%,[5] 17.5%,[citation needed] 19%[6] and 20%.[7][8] There is also the practical difficulty of certain Nair subcastes declaring as independent caste. Out of those citizens who are eligible to vote in Kerala, 15% belong to the Nair community.[9]
Nair population has been declining in Kerala. Forced conversions and executions of Nairs by Tipu Sultan [10] contributed initially to the decline from late 18th century. Some of the districts in Kerala have very minimal population of Nairs. Malappuram has a Nair population of 1.8% and Kasargode has about 2.1%.[11]
The most reliable population figures comes from two sources. The BCRC estimated Nair population at 14.47% of the total population of Kerala based on a state wide sample survey conducted for the reservation of seats in educational institutions. At the same time, the government for the same purpose, gave a figure of 15.35% based on the Census of Travancore in 1941, Census of Cochin in 1941 & Census of Malabar in 1921.[12] This figure will be true if the population growth rate is uniform for all the ethnic groups in Kerala. But this is not the case, as according to the 1941 Census, the Total Fertility Rate varied across various ethnic groups. In 1941, Kammalas had the highest TFR at 3.88 children per woman. They were followed by Ezhavas at 3.84, Syrians at 3.79, Muslims at 3.71 and Nadars at 3.64 children per woman. On the other hand, Nairs had a TFR of only 3.63 children per woman. Below the Nairs were Pulayas and Vellalas (3.43 each), Parayas (3.23), Brahmins (3.13) and Kuravas (3.13).[13] But the Censuses of 1941 and 1921 counted many of the Nair subcastes (Maarar for example) as independent castes, and they were not added to the Nair population.
Contents
Present population
There is no accurate way to measure the present Nair population. Household sample surveys conducted by the Kerala Statistical Institute, the last of which were in 2000, produced estimates which are:
Table.1: Distribution of Nair population in Kerala.[14][15]
District Total Pop Nairs % of Pop % of Nairs Kerala 31,838,000 4,457,000 14.0% 100.0% Trivandrum 3,235,000 575,000 17.8% 12.9% Quilon 2,584,000 793,000 30.7% 17.8% Pathanamthitta 1,232,000 174,000 14.1% 3.9% Aleppey 2,105,000 352,000 16.7% 7.9% Kottayam 1,953,000 227,000 11.6% 5.1% Idukki 1,129,000 111,000 9.8% 2.5% Ernakulam 3,098,000 316,000 10.2% 7.1% Trichur 2,975,000 223,000 7.5% 5.0% Palghat 2,617,000 330,000 12.6% 7.4% Malappuram 3,630,000 80,000 2.2% 1.8% Calicut 2,878,000 504,000 17.5% 11.3% Wynad 787,000 152,000 19.3% 3.4% Cannanore 2,412,000 584,000 24.2% 13.1% Kasargode 1,203,000 36,000 3.0% 0.8% Travancore Nairs
The population of Nairs in Travancore according to various censuses[16] conducted by the British are as following:
Nairs in Travancore Year Total Pop Nairs Nair% 1836 1,280,668 365,470 28.54% 1854 1,262,647 384,242 30.43% 1875 2,311,379 440,932 19.08% 1881 2,401,158 464,239 19.33% 1891 2,557,736 483,725 18.91% 1901 2,952,157 520,941 17.65% 1911 3,428,975 639,981 18.66% 1921 4,006,000 711,772 17.77% 1931 5,095,973 868,411 17.04% 1941 6,070,000 1,062,357 17.50% The first census of Travancore, which was conducted in 1836, reported a total Nair population of 365,470.[17]
Census of Travancore (1836) Caste Population Namboothiri 9,843 Foreign Brahmin 18,751 Samanta Kshatriya 1,319 Samanthan Nair 446 Ambalavasi 27,231 Nair 365,470 Vaishya 173 Chetty 15,193 Konkani Brahmins 4,563 Idayar 13,270 Chemboothutti 190 Neyetucar 6,046 Vauniers 22,080 Europeans 81 East Indians 1,484 Parsis 2 Romo Syrians 56,184 Syrians 118,382 Jews 39 Chindycars (Bombay Muslim) 477 Muslims 60,291 Kushavan 4,207 Thattan 11,174 Kunnans 2,046 Kammala 24,135 Kallasari 2,950 Kollan 10,777 Ambattan 12,539 Panan 1,901 Vannan 11,633 Moochees 1,472 Ottan 68 Kaniyar 4,960 Mala Velan 16,226 Kuravar 31,891 Uppu-alavurs 724 Shannar 108,515 Ezhava 180,956 Pallar 3,750 Paraiyar 38,625 Pulayar 90,598 Others 2 Unknown 4 Grand Total 1,280,668 According to the 1881 Travancore census,[18] 19.97% of the total population were classified as Nair.
Census of Travancore (1881) Caste Population Total 2,401,158 Malayala Brahmin 11,914 Other Brahmin 25,224 Raja 2,440 Samanthan Nair 10,837 Other Nair 464,239 Ambalavasi 7,078 Tamil Nair 4,454 Vellalar 41,109 Other Hindu 1,188,315 Christian 498,542 Muslim 146,909 According to the 1891 Travancore census,[19] 18.92% of the total population were classified as Nair (Excluding Samanthan Nair).
Census of Travancore (1891) All Castes Population Total 2,557,736 Malayala Brahmin 12,395 Ambalavasi 1,759 Other Brahmin 28,100 Nair 483,725 Ezhava 414,217 Shannar 136,611 Pulaya 202,616 Paraya 71,847 Kurava 60,377 Other Dalit 13,818 Hill Tribes 23,282 Other Hindu 423,316 Roman Catholic 295,337 Syrian Christian 186,782 Protestant Christian 44,792 Other Christian 28,796 Muslim 158,823 Travancore had a total population of 6,059,000 in 1941. Out of that 3,671,480 or 61% was Hindu. 1,963,808 (32%) were X'ian and 423,500 (7%) were Muslim. Upper Caste Hindus constituted 1,272,000 or 21% of the population, of which Nairs were 1,062,357 (17.53% of the total population of Travancore). Namboothiris constituted for 0.07% of the population at 4,229. Non-Namboothiri Brahmins like Pisharody numbered a further 1.20% at 72,605. Other Forward Castes numbered 133,000 (2.2% of the population), mostly Maarans, Ambalavasis, Samanta Kshatriyas and Arya Vysyas.[12]
In 1941, Nairs constituted the second largest ethnic group in the Kingdom of Travancore at 17.53% of the population. They were followed by Ezhavas at 17.14%. The largest ethnic group were the Syrians at 18.78%.[20]
Nair population had decreased from 19.33% in 1881 to 17.53% in 1941. But the decrease was more evident for some of the other castes. For example Nambuthiris plummeted from 0.32% to 0.07%. On the other hand, Muslims increased from 6.45% to 7% and Ezhavas increased during 1891-1941 from 16.66% to 17.14%.[21]
Population by Subdivision in Travancore
The caste system is very complex in Travancore, since many of the castes which are considered separate in Malabar are considered to be just subdivisions of the Nair community in Travancore, most noticeably the Maarar and some other temple-serving communities. However, during the later half of the 19th century, when the dominance of the Nair community declined considerably, many of these smaller divisions declared themselves as separate castes. This resulted in complex situations where individual members of the same family declared themselves belonging to two different castes. For example, Daivampati (a Pushpaka Brahmin division found only in Travancore) was counted as a Nair subdivision until the late 19th century. A part of this community declared themselves as a separate caste during the 1901 Census. Out of the total population of 323, a majority of 198 reported their caste as Ambalavasi, as compared to 125 who reported their caste as Nair-Daivampati. Tamilpadakkar, another minuscule community got itself divided less evenly: 258 reported their caste as Nair-Tamilpadam, while just 15 said they were Maarar-Tamilpadam. The Seethikan community, which numbered more than a thousand in Travancore, was counted as Maarar, although it was counted as Nair during the Cochin and Malabar censuses. Chakkala Nair (a non-martial Nair subgroup) and Aadichan Nair (priests in local Bhadrakali temples, known as Adikal Brahmins in North Malabar) were counted as a separate caste within the category of Nair supergroup, although they were counted as Nair during the Malabar Census.[22][23]
Census of Travancore (1901) - Nair population by subdivision Caste Population (1901) Total Nair 572,215 Nayar, Illath 324,107 Nayar, Swaroopathil 100,418 Nayar, Kiryathil 25,164 Nayar, Itasseri 22,944 Maaran, Proper 17,386 Nayar, Proper 12,208 Chakkala Nair, Proper 11,134 Veluthedath Nair, Proper 8,893 Nayar, Karuvelan 6,621 Nayar, Padamangalam 6,175 Nayar, Paravur Swaroopathil 2,705 Maaran, Irunul 2,559 Nayar, Pallichan 2,277 Chakkala Nair, Pulva 2,158 Nayar, Pulikkal 1,673 Nayar, Karichcha 1,548 Nayar, Pantari 1,388 Nayar, Vatti 1,339 Nayar, Veliyam 1,308 Maaran, Seethikan 1,240 Nayar, Pattazhi Illath 1,018 Chakkala Nair, Attu 931 Nayar, Kurup 922 Maaran, Mangalyam 847 Nayar, Natuvile Swaroopathil 613 Samanta Kshatriya, Thirumulpad 579 Nayar, Manigramam 574 Veluthedath Nair, Ayavu 528 Maaran, Illath 517 Nayar, Madampi 503 Nayar, Unnithan 485 Maaran, Orunul 471 Nayar, Cher Illath 471 Nayar, Nallur 452 Nayar, Netuvazhi Swaroopathil 434 Maaran, Kurup 423 Nayar, Netuvalli Swaroopathil 411 Maaran, Kulanji 405 Nayar, Chera Illath 391 Chakkala Nair, Atta 351 Maaran, Asupani 337 Samanta Kshatriya, Raja 299 Samanta Kshatriya, Thampan 293 Chakkala Nair, Malayala 264 Nayar, Tamil Padam 258 Nayar, Pattattil 252 Nayar, Kartha 224 Maaran, Swaroopathil 221 Maaran, Pulikkal 209 Samanta Kshatriya, Proper 205 Nayar, Nantunnikuruppu 203 Daivampati 198 Samanta Kshatriya, Koil Thampuran 197 Nayar, Kuttina 183 Samanthan Nair, Proper 180 Nayar, Arikuravan 155 Nayar, Panicker 148 Nayar, Mangalakkal 145 Nayar, Malayattoor 137 Nayar, Kaimal 128 Nayar, Pallichchal 128 Nayar, Kuzhappara 126 Nayar, Pallippuram 126 Nayar, Antalavan 125 Nayar, Daivampati 125 Veluthedath Nair, Malayala 122 Chakkala Nair, Valiyapra 107 Nayar, Kataykkal 107 Samanthan Nair, Unniyathiri 99 Samanthan Nair, Pandala 98 Nayar, Vel 97 Aadichan Nair 79 Nayar, Aravan 74 Nayar, Ponnara 66 Maaran, Tevarattu 65 Nayar, Anti 65 Nayar, Menon 63 Nayar, Puttur 61 Maaran, Ponnara 60 Nayar, Uzhiyappara 57 Nayar, Cherut Illath 49 Nayar, Alanat Illath 47 Nayar, Karavatta 47 Chakkala Nair, Cheravannur 45 Maaran, Panicker 43 Nayar, Kizhchcheri 43 Nayar, Vantikkaran 43 Nayar, Kusa 42 Nayar, Netuvila Swaroopathil 40 Chakkala Nair, Cheriapra 39 Maaran, Kataykkal 39 Chakkala Nair, Pandi 38 Nayar, Manavalan 38 Nayar, Viyyur 35 Nayar, Atikkunnam 34 Samanthan Nair, Nedungadi 31 Chakkala Nair, Pattu 28 Samanthan Nair, Vellodi 28 Nayar, Kulattur 28 Maaran, Patuval 27 Chakkala Nair, Trivandrum 26 Nayar, Pattuveedan 25 Nayar, Thampi 24 Nayar, Sripadam Illath 23 Nayar, Talasseri 23 Nayar, Ettuveettil 22 Chakkala Nair, Pulikkavu 21 Nayar, Purattuchari 21 Nayar, Katakam 20 Nayar, Tala 20 Nayar, Cherukara 19 Nayar, Mantalayi 17 Nayar, Otan 17 Maaran, Ochchan 16 Nayar, Azhancheri Illath 16 Nayar, Mazhavancheri Illath 16 Nayar, Koyippuram 16 Chakkala Nair, Kili 15 Maaran, Cheppat 15 Maaran, Tamil Padam 15 Maaran, Vatti 15 Nayar, Kokkara 15 Nayar, Maaran 15 Nayar, Kunnummel Swaroopathil 15 Veluthedath Nair, Attungal 15 Maaran, Kusa 14 Veluthedath Nair, Naluveettil 14 Nayar, Trikkalampat 13 Veluthedath Nair, Ettuveettil 13 Nayar, Ilakutiyan 12 Nayar, Kumaranallur Illath 12 Nayar, Veliyara 12 Chakkala Nair, Munchira 11 Maaran, Atimittam 11 Nayar, Chantukaran 10 Nayar, Cherutattu Illath 10 Nayar, Kollur Illath 10 Nayar, Pozhikkara Illath 10 Nayar, Punnakkulam Illath 10 Nayar, Vengola 10 Maaran, Kiryathil 9 Maaran, Vatakkumpuram 9 Maaran, Thekkumkoor 8 Nayar, Mampara 8 Nayar, Cherukalampad 7 Nayar, Natamukki 7 Veluthedath Nair, Kattedam 7 Maaran, Manigramam 6 Maaran, Muttal 6 Nayar, Veluttavazhi Illath 6 Chakkala Nair, Vattakkatan 5 Maaran, Karunat 5 Nayar, Karipottan 5 Nayar, Ottu 5 Maaran, Paravur Swaroopathil 4 Nayar, Netuvazhi Illath 4 Nayar, Kutamkotti 4 Nayar, Pattuveettil 4 Veluthedath Nair, Kulattur 4 Nayar, Eman 3 Nayar, Muntaikkal Illath 3 Nayar, Kitaram Pandi 3 Nayar, Kura 3 Nayar, Payyampati 3 Veluthedath Nair, Ayiraivaka 3 Maaran, Patippura 2 Samanta Kshatriya, Pandarathil 2 Nayar, Akattuchari 2 Nayar, Ilampi 2 Nayar, Tennur Illath 2 Nayar, Nallamvitan 2 Nayar, Nalamatam 2 Nayar, Pattazhi Swaroopathil 2 Veluthedath Nair, Chetti 2 Maaran, Kozhu 1 Maaran, Onattukara 1 Nayar, Mut Illath 1 Nayar, Muttukkatakka Illath 1 Nayar, Virabhe Illath 1 Nayar, Itattara 1 Nayar, Kayyan 1 Nayar, Oppamtara 1 Nayar, Pantrantuveettil 1 Nayar, Pizhachcha 1 Nayar, Kaippizha Swaroopathil 1 Census of Malabar, 1891
Malabar had a population of 2,640,000 in 1891 according to the British Census. Nairs formed 377,828 or roughly 14.31% of the total population.[24] Muslims with a population of 759,242 formed the largest community in Malabar. During the 1881 census, the Nairs numbered 321,674.
Census of Malabar (1871):[25]
Caste (1871) Palghat Valluvanad Ponnani Ernad Calicut Wynad Kurumbranad Kottayam Chirakkal Total in Malabar Brahmins 6.6% 1.5% 1.1% 0.5% 1.4% 0.7% 0.7% 0.9% 1.7% 1.9% Nayars Total Nayar 27.3% 31.0% 17.8% 13.0% 25.4% 16.6% 29.3% 21.0% 29.0% 23.6% Nayar Superior 13.5% 19.3% 12.7% 7.9% 19.0% 8.4% 19.0% 14.5% 15.8% 14.5% Nayar Inferior 13.8% 11.7% 5.1% 5.1% 6.4% 8.2% 10.3% 6.5% 13.2% 9.1% Tiyya 32.4% 15.3% 22.5% 12.1% 27.3% 3.3% 30.5% 41.2% 26.6% 23.5% Other Hindus 15.4% 22.4% 17.4% 20.6% 17.2% 21.2% 11.0% 4.2% 12.0% 16.2% Muslims 9.2% 25.8% 39.5% 49.4% 23.3% 6.2% 23.8% 23.4% 20.9% 26.5% Christians 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 1.2% 0.6% 0.0% 0.6% 1.0% 0.3% Tribals and Others 9.0% 4.0% 1.6% 4.3% 4.2% 51.4% 4.6% 8.6% 8.8% 8.0% Census of Cochin, 1891
The 1891 census of Cochin reported a total of 123,405 Nairs. There were also 184,504 Ezhavas, 7,483 Ambalavasis, 6,407 Nambuthiris, 29,809 artisans, 7,564 Valans, 4,081 Arayans, 8,243 Velans, 59,840 Cherumans, 8,841 Paraiyans, 6,349 Vettuvans, 5,917 Kanakkans, 215 Nayadis, 2,631 Malayans, 439 Ulladans and 310 Kadans.[26]
Nair castes reported during the 1891 Census of Cochin:
Census of Cochin (1891) - Nair population by subcaste Caste Population (1891) Total Nair 111,016 Nayar, Illathu 23,279 Nayar, Kiryam 20,028 Nayar, Pallichan 18,568 Nayar, Charnavan 9,096 Nayar, Vattekkadan 8,452 Nayar, Proper 7,929 Nayar, Athikurrissi 3,490 Nayar, Vellayma 2,989 Nair Inferior, Veluthedan 2,989 Nair Inferior, Vilakkithalavan 2,299 Nair Inferior, Chaliyan 1,586 Nayar, Anthuran 1,569 Marar, Proper 1,307 Nayar, Cheethikan 1,063 Nayar, Veettil 863 Nayar, Manakkal 718 Samanta Kshatriya, Thirumulpad 607 Nayar, Madathil 581 Marar, Athikurrissi 263 Nayar, Bhagavathi Atiyar 249 Nayar, Kaimal 240 Samanthan Nair, Nambidi 227 Nayar, Pathrani 226 Nayar, Eruma Illathu 196 Nayar, Nanjinattu Pillai 183 Nayar, Kolankori 161 Nayar, Karthavu 146 Nayar, Kurruppu 141 Nayar, Pindiyan 121 Nayar, Nambiar 119 Samanta Kshatriya, Thampan 119 Nayar, Natanthali 92 Nayar, Panikkar Kiryathu 84 Nayar, Panikkar Charnathu 77 Samanta Kshatriya, Thampuran 77 Nayar, Unnithiri 75 Nayar, Panikkar Illathu 69 Nayar, Elayatam 66 Nayar, Otathu 56 Nayar, Mannadiyar 52 Nayar, Kannathevan 48 Nayar, Elamkiriyam 43 Nayar, Vellayma Kuruppu 43 Nayar, Madampi 42 Nayar, Vellalan 38 Samanthan Nair, Proper 35 Nayar, Kuruppal 34 Nayar, Veliyathu 34 Nayar, Naluveetan 28 Nayar, Swaroopam 28 Nayar, Chembottil 27 Nayar, Panikkar 23 Nayar, Chovathara 22 Nayar, Atiyoti 16 Nayar, Polakkal 16 Samanta Kshatriya, Proper 16 Nayar, Elamkori 11 Nayar, Kannori 10 Nayar, Alikkara 9 Nayar, Panikkar Vettekkadan 8 Nayar, Charna Kuruppu 6 Nayar, Nambiarkku Charnathu 6 Nayar, Pallichan Kuruppu 6 Samanthan Nair, Nedungadi 6 Samanthan Nair, Pandala 6 Nayar, Chakkala 3 See also
- Nair subcastes
References
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- ^ The Internal Structure of the Nayar Caste, C. J. Fuller
- ^ http://www.archive.org/stream/censusofindiav1pt1indi#page/396/mode/1up
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- ^ G.O.K 1971: Appendix XVIII : For percentage of Nairs in total population of Kerala, adjusted for decrease due to emigration and low birth rates.
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