Kotas

Kotas
For other uses, see Kota.
Kotas
Kota women 1870.jpg
Kota women in traditional clothes circa 1870s
Total population
1203(1974)
Languages

Kota language, Tamil, Badaga
Religion

Hinduism and non-Traditional beliefs
Related ethnic groups

Todas, Tamils, Malayalees

Kotas or Kothar or Kov by self-designation are an ethnic group who are indigenous to the Nilgiris mountain range in Tamil Nadu, India. They are one of the many tribal or ethnic groups indigenous to the region. Others include Todas, Badagas, Irulas and Kurumbas. Although all groups lived closely by and had intimate interactions, elaborate taboos were developed to maintain social distance and prestige. Todas and Kotas have been subject to intense anthropological, linguistic and genetic analysis since the early 19th century. Study of Todas and Kotas has also been influential in the development of the field of anthropology. Numerically Kotas have always been a small group not exceeding 1,500 individuals spread over seven villages for the last 150 years. They have maintained a lifestyle as a jack of all trades such as potters, agriculturalist, leather workers, carpenters, and black smiths and as musicians for other groups. Since the British colonial period they have availed themselves of educational facilities and have improved their socio-economic status and no longer depend on the traditional services provided to make a living. Some anthropologists such as Richard Wolf have considered them to be a specialized caste as opposed to be a tribe or an ethnic group.

Kotas have their own unique language that belongs to the Dravidian language family but diverged from South Dravidian sub family at some time in BCE. Their language was studied in detail by Murray Barnson Emeneau, a pioneer in the field of Dravidian linguistics. Their social institutions were distinct from mainstream Indian cultural norms and had some similarities to Todas and other tribal people in neighbouring Kerala and the prominent Nair caste. It was informed by a fraternal polyandry and polygyny where possible. Kota religion was unlike mainstream Hinduism and believed in non-anthropormorphic male deities and a female deity. Since the 1940s, many mainstream Hindu deities also have been adopted into the Kota pantheon and temples of Tamil style have been built to accommodate their worship. They’ve had specialized groups of priests to propitiate their deities on behalf of the group.

Contents

Identity

The Indian government considers them to be a scheduled tribe (ST), a designation reserved for indigenous tribal communities throughout India that are usually at a lower socio-economic status than mainstream society.[1] They also have a special status as a Primitive Tribal Group (PTG) based on certain socio economic and demographic indicators.[2] But Kotas are relatively successful group that makes its living as agriculturalist, doctors, post masters and availing themselves of any government and private sector employment.[1] Few anthropologists and local community members consider them to be a service caste placed in Nilgiris to service others but Kotas consider themselves to be original inhabitants of the region and do not accept the servile status.[1] The name Kota is a term applied to the group by outsiders; Kotas refer to themselves as 'Kov'. There are number of meanings attributed to the term, but according to Emeneau,[3] ko-v meant a male potter and ko-ty a female potter.[2] Since the 1930s through the efforts of a Kota school teacher, social reformer and activist named Sulli Kota and his followers, Kotas have transformed their previous traditional relationships away from serving other so called high prestige ethnic groups and upgraded their socio-economic status.[4] They no longer practice any of their traditional service functions.[1]

History

Foothills of the Nilgiris, lower elevation was occupied by Kurumbar and Irulas whereas Kotas occupied the higher elevations.

Although many theories have been put forth as to the origins of Kotas and Todas, none have been confirmed as factual. What linguists and anthropologists agree is that ancestors of both Kotas and Todas may have entered the Nilgiris massif from what is today Kerala or Karnataka in centuries BCE and developed in isolation from the rest of the society.[5] According to F. Metz,[6] a missionary, Kotas had a tradition that alluded to them coming over from a place called Kollimale in Karnataka. They seem to have displaced the previous Kurumba inhabitants from the higher altitudes to lower altitude infested with malarial mosquitoes.[7] The Kota tribe shows M haplogroup frequency of 97%, which is one of the highest in India.[8] M haplogroups is considered to have dispersed in India from East Africa at least 60,000 years ago with the expansion anatomically modern humans. Within M haplogroup, M2 lineages are common amongst Dravidian speaking populations of South India.[8] They also demonstrate very low admixture rate from other neighbouring groups.[9]

At some point in their history they developed a symbiotic economic relationship with the buffalo rearing Toda neighbours as service providers in return for Toda’s buffalo milk, hides, ghee, and meat. They also had a trading and ritual relationship with Kurumba and Irula neighbours who were hunter-gatherers. They specifically used the Kurumbas as their sorcerers and as village guards. Origin myth of Kotas postulates that Kotas, Todas, and Kurumbas were all placed in the Nilagiris area at once as brothers by the Kota god.[10] The origin myth does not include Badagas as they were a later immigrant group from Karnataka in the 16th century CE. Kotas also provided services to the Badagas and received in return agricultural products. This symbiotic relationship survived until disturbed by the British colonial officers starting in the early 19th century.[11][12]

Since the early 19th century, missionaries, British bureaucrats, anthropologists and linguists of both Western and Indian kind have spent an enormous amount of time studying the different ethnic and tribal groups; of all, the Todas were the most studied, followed by Kotas and Badagas. Other groups such as Irulas and various groups of Kurumbars were least studied. The study of the ethnic groups of Nilgiris was instrumental in the early development of the field of Anthropology.[13] Although most groups lived in peace with each other and had developed a symbiotic relationship, taboos and cultural practices were developed to maintain social distance. According to F. Metz,[14] as the original settlers of the highland, Kurumbars were subject to continuous violence including occasional massacres by the Todas and Badagas. According to Kota informants, they had supplied battle drums during periods of war.[1]

Society

Kotas were observed to be domiciled in seven relatively large nuclear villages intercepted between Toda and Badaga settlements. Six villages were within the Nilgiris district in Tamil Nadu and the seventh one in the Wayanad district in Kerala. Kota villages are known as Kokkal in their language and as Kotagiri by outsiders.[6] Each village had three exogamous clans of similar name. Each clan settled in a street called Kerr or Kerri. Clan members were prohibited from marrying within each within the same village but could from the same clan or any other clan from non-native village. The relationship between similarly named clans was unknown and no social hierarchy was evident amongst the inter and intra village clans.[1]

Polyandry

See also: Polyandry in India

A unique feature of the society was enforced fraternal polyandry. A woman marrying a man is also expected to have conjugal relationship with all his brothers although children born out of this relationship are strictly considered to be her husbands. In some instances conjugal relationships can be extended to parallel cousins as well who are considered to be brothers and sisters in the Dravidian kinship system. A man marrying a woman is also expected to have conjugal rights over the woman’s sisters but it is seldom enforced as sisters are usually married across different villages. This system was maintained well into the 20th century, as it had an economic base for survival, as brothers sharing a wife or wives were expected to contribute to the welfare of the family in equal share. Polygamy was also practiced by Kota men when affordable. Polyandry was also noticed amongst Todas and number of other tribes in Kerala including the prominent Nair caste. Kotas also had a specialized group who were custodians of their native deities. These priestly groups did not participate in the polyandrous relationship and were strictly monogamous.[15]

Demography

Kota demography has not exceeded 1,500 individuals in the last 150 years due to fraternal polyandry, dearth of women due to early female infanticide, high infant mortality rates, past epidemics and economic hardships. Studies since 1960’s had indicated that the high rate consanguineous marriages amongst relatively a small group of people has contributed to increase in infant mortality and low fertility rates.[16][17]

Women’s position

Women had a greater say in choosing their marriage partners than in any mainstream Indian villages and also helped out in many economic activities. In a fraternal polyandrous situation they were expected to share their husband’s brothers as sexual partners. They had the right to divorce.[15] They were also exclusively engaged in making pottery. According to early western observers, unlike Toda women, who were friendly towards visitors to their villages, Kota women maintained their distance from outsiders. Wives of Kota priests played equally important ritual role in religious functions. Women who became possessed to flute music are called Pembacol and were consulted during important village decisions.[18] Women also had specialized roles associated with cultivation, domestic chores and social functions.[1]

Food

Unlike Todas, Kotas ate meat and were in good physical condition when met by early anthropologists.[12] Their traditional food is a type of Italian millet known as vatamk. Vatamk is served in almost all ceremonial occasions but rice is the preferred daily food. It is served with udk , a sambar like item made of locally available pulses, vegetables and tamarind juice. Beef is seldom eaten but eggs, chicken and mutton are consumed, when available, along with locally grown vegetables and beans.[1]

Governance

Prior to colonial era penetration of the Kota area there was very little if not no formal relationships between neighbouring political entities and Kota villages. It is assumed that political entities from Karnataka made forays into the highland but their control was not permanent. Kotas did pay a tribute to the Toda tribal leaders. There was no formal differentiation that existed within and outside the village level. Each village had an expectation to meet. The village of Ticga-r is famous for its women's song and dance, the funerals are well known in Me-na-r, and the Kamatra-ya festival and instrumental music are famous in Kolme-l.[1] Kota village is led by a village headman called gotga-rn. The gotga-rn from Me-na-r was head of all the seven villages. Whenever a dispute arose, the gotga-rn will call a meeting known as a kut with the village elders and decide the solutions. Within a village, the gotga-rn and elders decide when festivals are to be held and how to solve problems in the community. Although regular justice is handled through the Indian judicial system, local decisions of Kota cultural requirements are handled by the village kut.[1]

Religion

Kota religion and culture revolved around the smithy.[19] They did not identify with the Hinduism of the plains folks until contact with European colonials.[20] Currently Kotas consider themselves to be Hindus. Their major deities are A-yno-r also divided into big or Doda-ynor or small or kuna-yno-r, a father god and Amno-r or mother goddess. Father god is also called Kamati-cvara or Kamatra-ya in some villages. Although there were two male gods, there was only one version of the female goddess.[1][12][21] These gods were worshiped in the form of Silver disks at specific temples. According to Mendelbaum,[22] the mother goddess was married to two brother gods, a reflection of the fraternal polyandry prevalent in society.

Kotas had a number of religious festivals during the colonial precontact and immediately after the colonial contact period. It ranged from praying to their rain god Kannatra-ya or titular deity Kamatra-ya. During the seed sowing ceremony, they used to build a forge and a furnace within the main temple and smiths would make avocatory item like axes or gold ornaments to the deity.[23] The head priest mundika-no-n and headmen gotga-rn usually belong to the particular family (kuyt) and it was passed from father to son. Mundika-no-n is assisted by the te-rka-ran, through whom the god (so-ym) communicates with the people while being possessed. Te-rka-ran could come from any family but mundika-no-n comes from a specific family in a village.[1][12]

Kota funeral rites consist of two ceremonies. The first one is called Green funeral and concerns cremation of the body. The second ceremony is called a dry funeral and involves exhumation of buried bones from the first ceremony, followed by sacrifice of semi wild buffaloes. The second funeral is no longer practiced widely.[12][21] Since the mid 1900's, many Hindu gods have been introduced into the Kota pantheon and have been installed in temples. These temples are run by a variety of people not restricted to original priestly families.[1]

Language

Kotas speak the Kota language or Ko-v Ma-nt and it is closely related to Toda language. It was identified as an independent Dravidian language in as early as 1870's by Robert Caldwell.[24] It diverged from the common South Dravidian stock in years BCE. Kota language speakers became isolated and the language developed certain unique characteristics that were studied in detail and by the prominent Dravidian linguists Murray Emeneau. It is informed by maintenance of words that shows strong affinity to Archaic Tamil. According to Emeneau[25] Kotas have been living isolated since their separation from the mainstream Tamil speakers in years BCE. Emeneau[25] dates the split to the 2nd century BCE as terminus ante quem ("limit before which") and was unable to date the period earlier than this in which the split may have happened, but it happened after Kannada split from the common Tamil–Kannada stock.

All Nilgiri languages show areal influence and show affinity to each other. Kota was influenced by the arrival of Badaga refugees from Karnataka in the 16th century who spoke a dialect of Kannada that was unique to the Mysore region that they came from.[26] Since the reorganization of linguistic states in India, most Kota children study in Tamil at schools and are bilingual in Kota and Tamil. Previously Kotas were multilingual in Kota, Toda and Badaga languages.[27]

Kota kinship terms

Kota[1] English
Per-in Grandfather
Per-av Grandmother
Ayn Father, mother's sister's husband
Av Mother, father's brother's wife
An Elder brother
Kara-l Younger brother

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Wolf, pp. Kotas
  2. ^ a b Mohanty, p. 305
  3. ^ Emeneau 1980, p. 240
  4. ^ Mendelbaum 1971, p. 470
  5. ^ Reddy & Balaji Rao 2004, p. 05
  6. ^ a b Metz 1856, p. 112
  7. ^ Metz 1856, p. 107
  8. ^ a b Dhavendra Kumar 2004, p. 74
  9. ^ Singh 2004, p. 54
  10. ^ Emeneau 1984, pp. 212–213
  11. ^ Reddy & Balaji Rao 2004, pp. 5–8
  12. ^ a b c d e Watson & Kaye 1875, pp. 433–436
  13. ^ Hockings 2008, pp. 1–16
  14. ^ Metz 1856, pp. 107–109
  15. ^ a b Mendelbaum 1941, pp. 574–583
  16. ^ Ghosh 1976, pp. 17–26
  17. ^ Kalla & Joshi 2004, p. 63
  18. ^ Mendelbaum 1941, p. 24
  19. ^ Mendelbaum 1941, p. 20
  20. ^ Mendelbaum 1941, p. 23
  21. ^ a b Wilson 2003, pp. 97–99
  22. ^ Mendelbaum 1938, p. 576
  23. ^ Tribhuwan 2003, pp. 175–176
  24. ^ Caldwell 1875, p. 512
  25. ^ a b Emeneau 1994, pp. 389
  26. ^ Emeneau 1980, pp. 78–85
  27. ^ Emeneau 1994, pp. 391–392

Cited literature

Further reading

  • Wolf, Richard (2006), The Black Cow's Footprint: Time, Space and Music in the Lives of the Kotas of South India, University of Illinois Press, ISBN 0252031164 

External links


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