Crested penguin

Eudyptes
Macaroni Penguin, Eudyptes chrysolophus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Subphylum:	Vertebrata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Sphenisciformes
Family:	Spheniscidae
Genus:	Eudyptes Vieillot, 1816
Species
Eudyptes chrysocome Eudyptes chrysolophus Eudyptes moseleyi Eudyptes pachyrhynchus Eudyptes robustus Eudyptes schlegeli Eudyptes sclateri

The term crested penguin is the name given to several species of penguin of the genus Eudyptes.^{[citation needed]} The exact number varies between four and seven depending on the authority, and a Chatham Islands species may have become extinct in the 19th century. All are black and white penguins with yellow crests and red bills and eyes, and are found on subantarctic islands in the worlds southern oceans. All lay two eggs but raise only one young per breeding season; the first egg laid is substantially smaller than the second.

Taxonomy

The genus was described by the French ornithologist Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot in 1816; the name is derived from the Ancient Greek words eu "good", and dyptes "diver".^[1]

Six extant species have been classically recognised, with the recent splitting of the Rockhopper Penguin increasing it to seven. Conversely, the close relationship of the Macaroni and Royal Penguins, and the Erect-crested and Snares Penguins have led some to propose the two pairs should be regarded as species.^[2]

ORDER SPHENISCIFORMES

• Family Spheniscidae
  • Fiordland Penguin, Eudyptes pachyrhynchus
  • Snares Penguin, Eudyptes robustus – has been considered a subspecies of the Fiordland Penguin.
  • Erect-crested Penguin, Eudyptes sclateri
  • Southern Rockhopper Penguin, Eudyptes chrysocome
    • Eastern Rockhopper Penguin, Eudyptes (chrysocome) filholi
    • Western Rockhopper Penguin, Eudyptes (chrysocome) chrysocome
  • Northern Rockhopper Penguin, Eudyptes moseleyi – traditionally considered a subspecies of Eudyptes chrysocome as the Rockhopper Penguin.
  • Royal Penguin, Eudyptes schlegeli – sometimes considered a morph of E. chrysolophus
  • Macaroni Penguin, Eudyptes chrysolophus
  • Chatham Penguin, Eudyptes chathamensis. (prehistoric?)

The Chatham Islands form is known only from subfossil bones, but may have become extinct as recently as the late 19th century as a bird kept captive at some time between 1867 and 1872^[3] might refer to this taxon. It appears to have been a distinct species, with a thin, slim and low bill.

Evolution

Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA evidence suggests the Crested Penguins split from ancestors of their closest relative, the Yellow-eyed Penguin, around 15 million years ago, before splitting into separate species around 8 million years ago.^[4]

Description

The crested penguins are similar in appearance, having sharply delineated black and white plumage with red beaks and prominent yellow crests. Their calls are more complex than those of other species, with several phrases of differing lengths.^[5] The Royal Penguin (mostly) has a white face, while other species have black faces.

Breeding

Crested penguins breed on subantarctic islands in the southern reaches of the world's oceans; the greatest diversity occurring around New Zealand and surrounding islands. Their breeding displays and behaviours are generally more complex than other penguin species.^[6] Both male and female parents take shifts incubating eggs and young.^[7]

Crested penguins lay two eggs but almost always raise only one young successfully. All species exhibit the odd phenomenon of egg-size dimorphism in breeding; the first egg (or A-egg) laid is substantially smaller than the second egg (B-egg). This is most extreme in the Macaroni Penguin, where the first egg averages only 60% the size of the second.^[8] The reason for this is a mystery, although several theories have been proposed, remains unknown. British ornithologist David Lack theorized the genus was evolving toward the laying of a one-egg clutch.^[9] Experiments with egg substitution have shown that A-eggs can produce viable chicks which were only 7% lighter at time of fledging.^[10]

Recently, brooding Royal and Erect-crested Penguins have been reported to tip the smaller eggs out as the second is laid.

Species photographs

Photographs of adults of the extant (living) species are shown:

• Surviving species
• 

  Royal Penguin
  Eudyptes schlegeli

• 

  Southern Rockhopper Penguin
  Eudyptes chrysocome

• 

  Northern Rockhopper Penguin
  Eudyptes moseleyi

• 

  Fiordland Penguin
  Eudyptes pachyrhynchus

• 

  Snares Penguin
  Eudyptes robustus

• 

  Macaroni Penguin
  Eudyptes chrysolophus

References

1. ^ Liddell, Henry George and Robert Scott (1980). A Greek-English Lexicon (Abridged Edition). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-910207-4. 
2. ^ Christidis L, Boles WE (2008). Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Canberra: CSIRO Publishing. pp. 98–99. ISBN 9780643065116. 
3. ^ A.J.D. Tennyson and P.R. Millener (1994). Bird extinctions and fossil bones from Mangere Island, Chatham Islands, Notornis (Supplement) 41, 165–178.
4. ^ Baker AJ, Pereira SL, Haddrath OP, Edge KA (2006). "Multiple gene evidence for expansion of extant penguins out of Antarctica due to global cooling". Proc Biol Sci. 273 (1582): 11–17. doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3260. PMC 1560011. PMID 16519228. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1560011. Retrieved 2008-03-21. 
5. ^ Williams (The Penguins) p. 69
6. ^ Williams (The Penguins) p. 52
7. ^ Williams (The Penguins) p. 76
8. ^ Williams (The Penguins) p. 38
9. ^ Lack, David (1968). Ecological Adaptations for breeding in birds. London: Methuen. 
10. ^ Williams, Tony D. (1990). "Growth and survival in the Macaroni Penguin Eudyptes chrysolophus, A- and B-chicks: do females maximise investment in the large B-egg". Oikos 59 (3): 349–54. doi:10.2307/3545145. JSTOR 3545145. 

Cited text

• Williams, Tony D. (1995). The Penguins. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-854667-X. 

External links

• TerraNature Three Eudyptes species endemic to New Zealand