The Corbett-Fitzsimmons Fight

The Corbett-Fitzsimmons Fight
still photograph of the fight Fitzsimmons on left; Corbett on right
Directed by	Enoch J. Rector
Produced by	William Aloysius Brady
Starring	James J. Corbett Bob Fitzsimmons
Cinematography	Enoch J. Rector
Studio	Veriscope
Distributed by	eleven different
Release date(s)	May 22, 1897 (1897-05-22)
Running time	c. 100 minutes
Country	USA
Box office	$100,000-$750,000

The Corbett-Fitzsimmons Fight is an 1897 documentary film directed by Enoch J. Rector depicting a boxing match between James J. Corbett and Bob Fitzsimmons in Carson City, Nevada on St. Patrick's Day the same year. Originally running at over 100 minutes, it was the longest film that had ever been released to date. As such, it was the world's first feature film. The technology that allowed this is known as the Latham loop, and Rector was a rival for claiming the invention of the device. He used three such equipped cameras placed adjacently and filming on 63mm nitrate film. Only fragments of the film survive today. The known fragments were transferred from a print owned by Jean A. Le Roy of New York City.

According to Dan Streible, the film is "one of the earliest individual productions to sustain public commentary on the cinema."^[1] The film is so important to film history that Luke McKernan declared, "it was boxing that created the cinema."^[2]

Synopsis

The film no longer exists in its entirety; however, it is known from contemporary sources that the film included all fourteen rounds of the event, each round lasting three minutes. This was not unusual for a boxing film, although each round would previously have been presented as a separate attraction. What made this film exceptional is a five-minute introduction that showed former champion John L. Sullivan (whom Corbett defeated in 1892) and his manager, Billy Madden, introducing the event, the introduction of referee George Siler, and both boxers entering the ring in their robes.^[3] The film also caught the one-minute rest between each round and, when the film was reissued in Boston and many of its subsequent reissues, including in Dublin, included a ten-minute epilogue of the empty ring at the end of the fight, into which members of the audience eventually stormed. Even with these approximate timings, the film ran a minimum of 71 minutes, and sources generally report that it exceeded 90 or 100 minutes. The film climaxes with Fitzsimmons hitting Corbett in the solar plexus for a knockout, Corbett crawling outside the space of the camera so that he is not visible above the waist.^[4]

Production

Enoch J. Rector had been an employee of the Kinetoscope Exhibition Company, which filmed Corbett and Courtney Before the Kinetograph (1894) in six one minute rounds, each exhibited via the Edison Kinetoscope as a separate peep show for a separate fee.^[5] Some time after leaving the company, Rector arranged for the film with boxing promoter Dan Stuart (Condon, 137). Stuart offered $10,000 to the winner of the bout in an agreement signed by both boxers on 4 January 1897. Corbett, along with his fans, was eager to win back the title that he had lost to Fitzsimmons in Mexico.^[6] Producer William Aloysius Brady got an agreement from Rector that 25% of the proceeds of the film would go to he and Corbett, and an arrangement that Fitzsimmons and his manager, Martin Julian, were to receive $13,000. Fitzsimmons was outraged upon learning of the deal, and the terms were renegotiated with each boxer and his manager taking 25% each, with Rector, Stuart, and Samuel J. Tilden Jr (who had left Kinetoscope with Rector in a battle over who invented the Latham loop) dividing the remaining 50%.^[7]

The film was shot in widescreen format on 2 3/16 gauge film stock.^[8] Rector brought 48,000 feet of film stock, the largest amount that had ever been brought on location, and exposed 11,000 feet of it.^[9] The night before the match, Stuart cut the ring down from 24 feet to 22 feet for the sake of the camera, but the referee noticed this and Stuart was forced to change it back.^[10]

Legend holds that Wyatt Earp was the referee at this event (as claimed here) and that Bat Masterson can be seen in the film wearing a bowler hat. Earp was, in fact, a reporter for The New York World at the time, which published his commentaries on the fight on March 14 (p. 15) and March 18.^[11] Far from being the referee, he disagreed with referee George Siler's decision when Fitzsimmons allegedly hit Corbett in the jaw, which should have resulted in a foul, coming after a knockout blow to Corbett's solar plexus. The World heavily promoted the film, and the day after the film's release, printed a statement from Fitzsimmons, "I don't believe there is a single picture in it that will substantiate those [claims] published in The World."^[12]

Exhibition

The film premiered on May 22 at the New York Academy of Music and played into June, where it was presented with running commentary.^[13] In total, eleven companies toured with the film (Musser, 199)

Local debuts: May 31, 1897 (Boston)
June 6, 1897 (Chicago)
June 7, 1897 (Buffalo)
June 26, 1897 (Philadelphia)
July 3, 1897 (Pittsburgh)
July 13, 1897 (San Francisco)
July 27, 1897 (Portland)
September 27, 1897 (London)^[14]
April 1898 (Dublin)^[15]

When the film was shown in Coney Island, it was advertised under the title Corbett's Last Fight.^[16]

Reception

Brady estimated the film's net profit at $750,000.^[17] Charles Musser claims that the film made a more modest $100,000.^[18]

The film is also notable because that, at the time, women were essentially prohibited from viewing boxing matches, which were seen as a "stag" activity, but they were not prohibited from viewing this film. Much attention was given to the fact that Rose Julian Fitzsimmons, Bob's wife, viewed the live match from a box with other female companions, such as dancers Loïe Eiler and Ida Eiler, while women otherwise did not mix with the crowd. As much as 60% of the Chicago audience was composed of women.^[19][20] As Miriam Hansen put it, "it afforded women the forbidden sight of male bodies in seminudity, engaged in intimate and intense physical action."^[21] She argues a connection between the female reception of this film and the large female audience for Rudolph Valentino two decades later, who was typically shown stripped to the waist and beaten in his films.

Dan Streible's article calls this into debate, and suggests that the size of the female audience is predominantly self-generated boilerplate. The film had been strongly opposed by the Women's Christian Temperance Union, which tried to get legislation passed to prevent the film's transmission by mail.^[22] Their protests of fight films were second only to suffrage on their national agenda.^[23] Several state and local authorities tried to ban the reproduction of pugilist films, but this did not come to a vote.^[24] An editorial in The New York Times^[25] declared, "It is not very creditable to our civilization perhaps that an achievement of what is now called the 'veriscope' that has attracted and will attract the widest attention should be the representation of a prizefight." Rector claimed that the film had "every defect known to photography" in the San Francisco Examiner^[26] in attempt to quell the protests against a film falsely deemed unusable.^[27] Because the audience for prizefighting was "perceived to be a rowdy, less desirable class of patron[,] Veriscope recruited more genteel audiences. Ladies were officially invited."^[27] Promotion for the film avoided the term "prizefight" with its connotations of violence, and promoted it as a "sparring contest."^[28] Veriscope was trying to run counter to press that had presented the story as feminine resistance to "stag" entertainment.^[29]

Corbett and Brady had toured as fictionalized versions of themselves (Jim Corbett became "Jack Reynolds") in a play by Charles T. Vincent called Gentleman Jack, which contributed to Corbett's reputation as a matinee idol for women, as the play was presented to mixed audiences. Brady had honed Corbett's image as an educated gentleman in order to improve his appeal to bourgeois audiences.^[30] Streible notes that this reputation as a matinee idol and "ladies' man image," in addition to the bare-gluteus trunks, about which he could find no contemporary commentary, may have drawn women audiences to the film.^[31]

Streible found two contemporary accounts of the film that were written by women. One of these was by "Matinee Girl," a reporter for The New York Dramatic Mirror (who may or may not have been a real woman), who reported in the June 12, 1897 issue viewing the film with some shame, admiration for Corbett, and disappointment at his loss. He points out that she name-drops Brady, which identifies her as an "insider."^[32] The other article he found by a woman was "Alice Rix at the Veriscope" from the Examiner Sunday Magazine^[33]. Alice Rix, known for a particular brand of "sob sister" journalism (along with Nellie Bly and Dorothy Dix), claimed that when she viewed the film at the Olympia Theatre, she counted only sixty women in an audience of a thousand, and found the dress circle empty. She observed that they were mostly "dressed down," and that all were escorted by men and appeared uninterestedly watching a bloodless spectacle. She proceeded to describe the entire medium of motion pictures as "awful."^[34]

On page 38, Streible reproduces a drawing that accompanied Rix's article depicting two women in attendance of the film. One appears to be younger and leaning forward, watching the film with interest, while the other, apparently an older woman acting as chaperon, is turned away from the screen and disinterested in the film, even dismayed at the younger woman's interest. He notes that "respectable women" had been allowed to attend theater for only about a generation, and that Broadway did not actively court women or families as audience members until 1865. The pre-war audience had primarily been men and prostitutes.^[35] By 1897, women were only beginning to see theater as a legitimate social space. Musser (200) notes that The Boston Herald went so far as to call the film the "proper" thing for ladies to see. Streible, citing the research of Antonia Lant,^[36] contrasts paintings of women in theater audiences by Mary Cassatt, Claude Monet, and Berthe Morisot with this drawing by making it appear that the fact that women were allowed to look was more important than that the act of looking being allowed to them. That the younger woman is leaning indicates that what she is looking at is, in fact, what is important to her rather than the simple privilege of looking.^[37]

Streible also touches on potential homoerotic interest in the film, citing work on strongman photos by Thomas Waugh. He concludes that prizefighting, as opposed to physical culture, was not associated with aesthetics or male beauty, Corbett excepted. The aesthetics of the boxing scene were better known for broken jaws and cauliflower ears, such that one's sexual orientation probably had little bearing on one's appreciation of the film, and of a sport surrounded by homophobic press.^[38]

Musser, in his discussion of subsequent feature-length fight films, that subsequent to The Corbett-Fitzsimmons Fight, no boxing film drew comparable audience numbers and that women stopped attending in significant numbers.^[39], reinforcing Streible's theories of hype and female interest in Corbett the matinee idol.

Denis Condon's article, "Irish Audiences Watch Their First U.S. Feature: The Corbett-Fitzsimmons Fight (1897)",^[40] discusses how class, rather than gender, affected audience response to the film in Dublin. The significance of the film's reception in Ireland derives from the fact that Corbett was Irish by birth and often contrasted to the English-born Fitzsimmons, who himself was the son of an Irish blacksmith, a fact that no newspaper noted at the time. He notes a surprising absence, in response to the film, of ethnic partisanship, in spite of the St. Patrick's Day day of the fight, the Irish-English tension of 1898, and heavy antagonism of the Irish-American Corbett and the English Fitzsimmons, who is elsewhere described as Anglo-Australian. Audiences put aside political fervors and suspended their knowledge, pretending that they were watching a live performance. ^[41] Irish women did not attend, possibly because The Lyric Hall, where the film was shown, often featured live boxing and sexually risqué material, and thus considered an inappropriate place for a respectable woman, while another theatre nearby was regarded as more family-friendly.^[42]

Legacy

Quick to compete, Siegmund Lubin created a film the same year known as Reproduction of the Corbett and Fitzsimmons Fight, staged on a rooftop with two freight handlers from the Pennsylvania Railroad. Each round was shot on only 50 feet of 35 millimeter film stock at a very slow speed. Veriscope threatened to sue, but there was no law broken.^[43] Audiences did not appreciate the facsimile, even though it was advertised as such. The Arkansas Vitascope Company showed the film. The June 1897 issue of Phonoscope^[44] reprinted an article from The Little Rock Gazette that stated that the audience was so angered by Lubin's film that it was turned off after the third round for lack of an audience. The August–September issue of Phonoscope^[45] noted that the manager of the opera house turned over his $253 profits to a state senator who, after time to deliberate, eventually refunded the patrons' money.

Ramsaye^[46] notes that The Corbett-Fitzsimmons Fight was the singular film that pushed the social status of film, then uncertain, into the low-brow. This is not consistent with the way that the film was actually marketed. Prices for seats were set up to $1 for the wealthiest patrons, assuring middle and upper class attendance.^[47]

Rector intended to go into long form dramatic films, but was dismissed as a crank, although he continued to be involved in the technical side of motion picture production.^[48]

References

1. ^ Dan Streible. "Female Spectators and the Corbett-Fitzsimmons Fight Film" in Aaron Baker and Todd Edward Boyd. Out of Bounds: Sports, Media, and the Politics of Identity. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997, pp. 16-47, 16.
2. ^ Luke McKernan. "Sport and the First Films." in Christopher Williams (ed.) Cinema: The Beginnings and the Future. London: University of Westminster Press, 1996. p. 107
3. ^ Streible, 22.
4. ^ Streible, 22
5. ^ Musser, 194
6. ^ Terry Ramsaye. A Million and One Nights: A History of the Motion Picture. (1926) New York: Simon and Schuster, 1954, 1964, p. 285.
7. ^ Ramsaye, 286, 281
8. ^ Clipper, February 6, 1897
9. ^ Ramsay, 286
10. ^ Boston Herald, March 17, 1897, p. 1; Clipper, March 27, 1897
11. ^ Musser 197, 512
12. ^ The New York World, May 23, 1897, p. 4.
13. ^ Musser, 195
14. ^ (Musser, 199)
15. ^ Condon, 135
16. ^ Musser, 199
17. ^ William Aloysius Brady. The Fighting Man. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1916, pp. 131-48.
18. ^ Musser, p. 193.
19. ^ Charles Musser. The Emergence of Cinema: The American Screen to 1907. New York: Scribner's, MacMillan, 1997, chapter 7.
20. ^ Dan Streible. Fight Pictures: A History of Boxing and Early Cinema. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008.
21. ^ Miriam Hansen. Babel and Babylon: Spectatorship in American Silent Film. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8nFG8zMWI-0C&lpg=PA1&dq=Miriam%20Hansen%20The%20Corbett-Fitzsimmons%20Fight&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false
22. ^ Congressional Record XXIX pp. 2581-89
23. ^ Streible, 30; 23rd Annual Meeting of the Women's Christian Temperance Union, 11
24. ^ Streible, 22; New York Tribune, March 25, 1897; April 16, 1897
25. ^ May 26, 1897
26. ^ April 14, 1897, p. 1
27. ^ ^{a b} Streible, 24.
28. ^ Streible, 26.
29. ^ Streible, 30.
30. ^ Condon, 140; Alan Woods. "James J. Corbett, Theatrical Star." Journal of Sport History 3:2 (1976), pp. 164-75
31. ^ Streible, 35.
32. ^ (Streible, 34)
33. ^ July 18, 1897, p. 72
34. ^ Streible, pp. 36-37
35. ^ p. 33; Robert C. Allen, Horrible Prettiness: Burlesque and American Culture. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991, p. 86
36. ^ "Individual Responses" p. 46
37. ^ Streible, 39
38. ^ Streible, 41
39. ^ Musser, 208
40. ^ in Ruth Barton (ed.). Screening Irish-America: Representing the Irish American in Film and Television. Dublin and Portland: Irish American Press, 2009
41. ^ Condon, 144
42. ^ Condon, 141
43. ^ Ramsaye, 288.
44. ^ page 12
45. ^ page 8
46. ^ p. 289
47. ^ Streible, p. 26
48. ^ Ramsaye, 288-289

External links

• The Corbett-Fitzsimmons Fight on JRank.org
• The Corbett-Fitzsimmons Fight on IMDB