Conduit (horse)

Conduit (horse)
Conduit
Sire Dalakhani
Grandsire Darshaan
Dam Well Head
Damsire Sadler's Wells
Sex Stallion
Foaled 2005
Country Ireland
Colour Chestnut
Breeder Ballymacoll Stud Farm Ltd.
Owner Ballymacoll Stud
Trainer Sir Michael Stoute
Record 15: 7-2-3
Earnings £3,551,847
Major wins

Gordon Stakes (2008)
King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes (2009)

British Classics wins:
St. Leger Stakes (2008)

Breeders' Cup wins
Breeders' Cup Turf (2008 & 2009)
Awards
American Champion Male Turf Horse, 2008
Racehorse Owners' Association Outstanding Older Horse 2009
Horse (Equus ferus caballus)

Conduit (foaled March 23, 2005 in Ireland) is a retired Thoroughbred racehorse and active sire. In a career that lasted from August 2007 to November 2009 he won seven of his fifteen starts, including four at Group One/Grade I level.

In Europe he won the St. Leger Stakes in 2008 and Britain's most prestigious[1] weight-for-age race, the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes in 2009. He is known internationally for being the only horse to record two outright wins in the Breeders' Cup Turf. In each of his Breeders' Cup wins he ran under 2:24.00, recording the two fastest times in the race's history. Conduit is currently standing at stud in Hokkaido, Japan.

Contents

Background

Bred and raced by Ballymacoll Stud of County Meath, Conduit was sired by 2003 European Horse of the Year Dalakhani out of the mare, Well Head, a daughter of fourteen-time Champion Sire Sadler's Wells.[2] Dalakhani has proved to be a successful sire, especially of middle and long distance performers. Apart from Conduit, his best runners have included Reliable Man (Prix du Jockey Club), Duncan (Irish St. Leger) and Moonstone (Irish Oaks).[3] Well Head was unraced half sister to the Champion Stakes winner Spectrum. Apart from Conduit her best foal was the Great Voltigeur Stakes winner, Hard Top.

Well Head died shortly after Conduit's birth, and the colt foal was bottle-fed by the Ballymacoll staff before being fostered by a Vanner mare.[4] As a yearling he was "bullied" by the other colts at the stud and had to be separated for his own safety.[5] The yearling who was mainly responsible for the attacks was later named Tartan Bearer. [6]

Conduit was sent into training with Michael Stoute at the Freemason Lodge stables at Newmarket, Suffolk. He was ridden in all but two of his races by Ryan Moore.

Racing career

2007: two-year-old season

Conduit began his racing career by running unplaced in a maiden race on the July Course at Newmarket in August 2007. Later in the same month he finished third as 6/4 favourite in a similar race at Kempton staying on under pressure, but apparently lacking the pace to reach the leaders.

A month later, he recorded his first win in a maiden at Wolverhampton, coming from off the pace to win by three quarters of a length on the polytrack surface. The fact that his five rivals went on to win a total of three minor races in their combined careers gives an indication of the level of the competition, and Conduit's end of season rating of 79 suggested that he was far below top class.[7]

2008: three-year-old season

Conduit's three-year-old season was one of notable progress, with his official rating improving by 46lbs.

He began by finishing third in a minor handicap at Sandown in April. There was clearly some confidence in the colt however, as in his next start he was made 11/8 favourite for a much more valuable handicap at the Derby meeting at Epsom. Held up in last place by Ryan Moore, Conduit was switched to the outside in the straight and, in the words of the Racing Post "stormed clear" to win by six lengths.[8] Although no firm plans for Conduit were announced, the bookmaking firm Ladbrokes immediately offered him at odds of 14/1 for the St Leger.[9] On the same course just over two hours later, the stable's "best" colt Tartan Bearer finished second to New Approach in the Derby.

Although the bare form of the race (he was rated 98 for his win) indicated that he was still well below top class, he was obviously improving, and when he was sent to Royal Ascot for the King Edward VII Stakes, he was made 11/4 favourite. Conduit appeared to be traveling well when he was hampered entering the straight and although he stayed on well he was unable to catch the leader, Campanologist, finishing second by three quarters of a length.[10] The Guardian's correspondent called him "one of the unluckiest losers" at the meeting.[11]

The performance was enough to establish Conduit as a contender for the St Leger, and he was next sent to Goodwood for the Gordon Stakes. He won at odds of 1/2 but was not impressive, hanging to the left under pressure and making hard work of beating the outsider Donegal by a head.[12] Stoute described the performance as "workmanlike",[13] but pointed out that the small field and "muddling" pace did not suit his colt. Conduit's price for the St Leger was unchanged at 7/1.[14]

The St Leger attracted a strong field including the Irish Derby winner Frozen Fire, who was made favourite ahead of the Oaks winner Look Here, with Conduit starting at 8/1. Ryan Moore chose to ride Stoute's other runner, Doctor Fremantle, who had finished fourth in the Derby and the ride on Conduit was picked up by Frankie Dettori. Dettori held the colt up in the early stages before making "smooth" progress in the straight to take the lead from Enroller two furlongs out. Conduit went clear and ran on strongly to the finish, winning by three lengths from the Irish-trained filly Unsung Heroine despite "wandering"[15] from a straight course.[16] The win in the St. Leger marked the first for trainer Michael Stoute after twenty-three unsuccessful attempts.[17] For jockey Frankie Dettori, it was his fifth St. Leger win.

Stoute had originally planned to rest the colt after the St Leger but Conduit came out of the race exceptionally well[18] and so having proved his ability over a mile and three quarters on soft ground, Conduit was brought back to a mile and a half and fast ground for the Breeders' Cup Turf at Santa Anita Park. Moore held up Conduit in the early stages before moving the colt up into a challenging position entering the straight. Having been switched to the outside, Conduit produced a strong late run to catch Eagle Mountain inside the final furlong and win by one and a half lengths. His winning time of 2:23.42 was the fastest recorded in the twenty-five runnings of the race, although, as the Breeders' Cup has been run on many different tracks, times are not directly comparable.[19] After the race, Stoute praised the colt and suggested that he could improve further, saying "he’s a beautifully balanced horse with a good turn of foot, and he keeps getting better."[18]

2009: four-year-old season

Santa Anita Park, the scene of Conduit's two Breeders' Cup wins

Conduit began his four-year-old season by attempting to give seven pounds to eleven rivals in the Brigadier Gerard Stakes at Sandown. He took the lead a furlong out, but was caught on the line and beaten a nose by the Derby Italiano winner Cima de Triomphe.[20] In the Eclipse Stakes over the same course and distance he met Cima de Triomphe at level weights in an exceptionally strong field which included Twice Over, Rip Van Winkle and the odds-on favourite Sea The Stars. Held up in the early stages, Conduit was moved up into third behind Sea The Stars and Rip Van Winkle a furlong out. Although he stayed on well, he could make no impression on the two Irish colts and finished third, beaten five and a half lengths, but five lengths clear of Cima de Triomphe in fourth.[21]

Conduit was then aimed the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes at Ascot and was made 13/8 favourite. Conduit's preparation for the race was highly unusual. The Ballymacoll Stud received a series of messages threatening to kill the horse if he ran in the race. The police were alerted and the British Horseracing Authority arranged extra security for Conduit on his journey to Ascot. A man was later arrested and convicted of "threatening to damage property".[22]

In the Ascot race, Frozen Fire and Look Here opposed Conduit again, but his main rival in the betting was his stable companion Tartan Bearer, who started at 7/2 after a win in the Gordon Richards Stakes and a narrow defeat at Royal Ascot. As usual, Conduit was held up, before moving up and being switched to the outside to make his challenge in the straight. Tartan Bearer took the lead from Golden Sword a furlong out but was immediately challenged by Conduit. Inside the final furlong Moore drove Conduit out to overtake Tartan Bearer (bumping him as he did so) and won by one and three quarter lengths. They were followed home by the other Stoute runner, Ace, giving the trainer the rare achievement of being responsible for the first three in a championship race.[23] Moore received a three day ban for causing interference in the closing stages but was unrepentant saying that he "wasn't going to start pulling him around to correct him just as he was going to win". The manager of the Ballymacoll stud was also present to recall Conduit's early troubles with Tartan Bearer.[24]

The Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe at Longchamp in October entailed another meeting with Sea The Stars, who had dominated the flat season in Europe. Once again, Conduit had no chance with the Irish champion, but performed well, making steady progress in the straight before losing out to Youmzain and Cavalryman in a three-way photo for second.[25]

In November, despite press rumours that suggested he would bypass the race,[26] Conduit traveled back to America for the Breeders' Cup, run for the second successive year at Santa Anita. He was made odds-on favourite against six opponents for the Turf. The American gelding Presious Passion led from the start and ran the first half mile in 45.14, opening up a lead of at least eight lengths. Conduit was held up as always, before moving into second at the start of the straight, although he stumbled after colliding with the filly Dar Re Mi. Conduit's "relentless charge"[27] took him past Presious Passion a furlong and a half out, and although the gelding rallied "gamely", the colt was too strong and won by half a length.[28] The winning time of 2:23.75 was the second fastest recorded in the race, behind only Conduit's 2008 win. The normally taciturn[29] Moore was generous in his assessment of Conduit, "he's very game. He's a great horse - a once in a lifetime horse".[30]

On his final start, Conduit was sent to Tokyo, where he finished fourth of the eighteen runners, behind Vodka in the Japan Cup.[31]

Race record

Date Race Dist (f) Course Class Prize (£K) Odds Runners Placing Margin Time Jockey Trainer
02007-08-10 10 August 2007 Wilson Browne Maiden Stakes 7 Newmarket July M 4 7/1 20 7 2.75 1:26.59 Ryan Moore Michael Stoute
02007-08-29 29 August 2007 Digibet Maiden Stakes 8 Kempton M 3 6/4 10 2 2.25 1:40.65 Ryan Moore Michael Stoute
02007-09-22 22 September 2007 EBF Maiden Stakes 9 Wolverhampton M 3 10/11 6 1 0.75 1:49.60 Jamie Spencer Michael Stoute
02008-04-25 25 April 2008 Bet365.com Handicap 10 Sandown H 6 3/1 11 3 2.5 2:10.44 Ryan Moore Michael Stoute
02008-06-07 7 June 2008 totesportcasino.com Stakes 10 Epsom H 31 11/8 12 1 6 2:06.37 Ryan Moore Michael Stoute
02008-06-20 20 June 2008 King Edward VII Stakes 12 Ascot 2 134 11/4 9 2 0.75 2:31.24 Ryan Moore Michael Stoute
02008-07-29 29 July 2008 Gordon Stakes 12 Newmarket Rowley 3 39 1/2 6 1 Head 2:37.14 Ryan Moore Michael Stoute
02008-09-13 13 September 2008 St. Leger Stakes 14.5 Doncaster 1 283 8/1 14 1 3 3.07.92 Frankie Dettori Michael Stoute
02008-10-25 25 October 2008 Breeders' Cup Turf 12 Santa Anita Park 1 866 7/2 11 1 1.5 2:23.42 Ryan Moore Michael Stoute
02009-05-28 28 May 2009 Brigadier Gerard Stakes 10 Sandown 3 36 11/4 12 2 Nose 2:06.60 Ryan Moore Michael Stoute
02009-07-04 4 July 2009 Eclipse Stakes 10 Sandown 1 283 9/2 10 3 5.5 2:03.40 Ryan Moore Michael Stoute
02009-07-25 25 July 2009 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes 12 Ascot 1 567 13/8 9 1 1.75 2:28.73 Ryan Moore Michael Stoute
02009-10-04 4 October 2009 Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe 12 Longchamp 1 2219 8/1 19 4 2.5 2:26.30 Ryan Moore Michael Stoute
02009-11-07 7 November 2009 Breeders' Cup Turf 12 Santa Anita Park 1 1125 10/11 7 1 0.5 2:23.75 Ryan Moore Michael Stoute
02009-11-29 29 November 2009 Japan Cup 12 Tokyo 1 1947 39/10 18 4 2.75 2:22.40 Ryan Moore Michael Stoute

.

Assessment

In the 2008 World Thoroughbred Racehorse Rankings, Conduit was ranked the sixth best horse in the world with a rating of 126.[32] In the 2009 Rankings, he was assigned a mark of 125, placing him seventh in the world.[33]

Conduit was awarded the Eclipse Award as American Champion Male Turf Horse for 2008[34] and finished runner-up to Gio Ponti for the same award in 2009.[35]

On 3 December 2009 Conduit was awarded the ROA/Sportingbet.com Outstanding Older Horse for 2009 by British Racehorse Owners' Association.[36]

Stud career

Conduit was retired to stud and stands at Big Red Farm, Hokkaido, Japan. His first foals were born in 2011.[37]

Pedigree

Pedigree of Conduit (IRE), chestnut stallion, 2005[38]
Sire
Dalakhani (IRE)
2000		 Darshaan
1981		 Shirley Heights Mill Reef
Hardiemma
Delsy Abdos
Kelty
Daltawa
1989		 Miswaki Mr. Prospector
Hopespringseternal
Damana Crystal Palace
Denia
Dam
Well Head (IRE)
1989		 Sadler's Wells
1981　		 Northern Dancer Nearctic
Natalma
Fairy Bridge Bold Reason
Special
River Dancer
1983		 Irish River Riverman
Irish Star
Dancing Shadow Dancer's Image
Sunny Valley (Family: 1-l)

References

  1. ^ "QIPCO British Champions Series". Britishchampionsseries.com. http://www.britishchampionsseries.com/races/july/23/the-king-george-vi-and-queen-elizabeth-stakes.html. Retrieved 2011-09-18. 
  2. ^ "Conduit". Racing Post. 2011-06-02. http://www.racingpost.com/horses/horse_home_popup.sd?horse_id=685574#topHorseTabs=horse_pedigree&bottomHorseTabs=horse_form. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  3. ^ "Dalakhani Stud Record". Bloodstock.racingpost.com. http://bloodstock.racingpost.com/stallionbook/stallion.sd?horse_id=567732&popup=1&tab=stud. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  4. ^ "Conduit, a motherless foal bound for stardom". The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/racing/conduit-a-motherless-foal-bound-for-stardom-932019.html. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  5. ^ "Conduit out to prove head of herd". The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/racing/conduit-out-to-prove-head-of-herd-1691136.html. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  6. ^ "The Breed". Thebreed.thethoroughbred.com.au. http://thebreed.thethoroughbred.com.au/2009/07. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  7. ^ "EBF Maiden result". Racing Post. http://www.racingpost.com/horses/result_home.sd?race_id=439769&r_date=2007-09-22&popup=yes#results_top_tabs=re_&results_bottom_tabs=ANALYSIS. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  8. ^ "totesportcasino Stakes result". Racing Post. http://www.racingpost.com/horses/result_home.sd?race_id=458214&r_date=2008-06-07&popup=yes#results_top_tabs=re_&results_bottom_tabs=ANALYSIS. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  9. ^ "Conduit cruises to victory". BreakingNews.ie. http://www.breakingnews.ie/entertainment/conduit-cruises-to-victory-365133.html. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  10. ^ "King Edward VII Stakes result". Racing Post. http://www.racingpost.com/horses/result_home.sd?race_id=455183&r_date=2008-06-20&popup=yes#results_top_tabs=re_&results_bottom_tabs=ANALYSIS. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  11. ^ Ron Cox. "Conduit could be another handicap". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2008/jun/26/horseracing. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  12. ^ "Gordon Stakes result". Racing Post. http://www.racingpost.com/horses/result_home.sd?race_id=462192&r_date=2008-07-29&popup=yes#results_top_tabs=re_&results_bottom_tabs=ANALYSIS. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  13. ^ "Beckett's filly left to lead Leger defence". The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/racing/becketts-filly-left-to-lead-leger-defence-923521.html. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  14. ^ Greg Wood. "Conduit wins but Leger glory looks unlikely". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2008/jul/30/horseracing. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  15. ^ "Conduit victory hands Frankie Dettori fifth St Leger success". Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2008/sep/13/horseracing1. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  16. ^ "St Leger result". Racing Post. http://www.racingpost.com/horses/result_home.sd?race_id=460973&r_date=2008-09-13&popup=yes#results_top_tabs=re_&results_bottom_tabs=ANALYSIS. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  17. ^ "Stoute ends Leger drought". The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/racing/stoute-ends-leger-drought-929756.html. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  18. ^ a b "Conduit closes with a rush to win Turf". Thoroughbred Times. 2008-10-25. http://www.thoroughbredtimes.com/racing-news/2008/october/25/conduit-wins-breeders-cup-turf.aspx. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  19. ^ "Breeders' Cup Turf 2008 result". Racing Post. http://www.racingpost.com/horses/result_home.sd?race_id=468401&r_date=2008-10-25&popup=yes#results_top_tabs=re_&results_bottom_tabs=ANALYSIS. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  20. ^ "Brigadier Gerard Stakes result". Racing Post. http://www.racingpost.com/horses/result_home.sd?race_id=482511&r_date=2009-05-28&popup=yes#results_top_tabs=re_&results_bottom_tabs=ANALYSIS. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  21. ^ "Eclipse Stakes result". Racing Post. http://www.racingpost.com/horses/result_home.sd?race_id=480375&r_date=2009-07-04&popup=yes#results_top_tabs=re_&results_bottom_tabs=ANALYSIS. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  22. ^ "Ascot racehorse kill threat man sentenced". BBC News. 2010-01-04. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/manchester/8439628.stm. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  23. ^ "King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes result". Racing Post. http://www.racingpost.com/horses/result_home.sd?race_id=484400&r_date=2009-07-25&popup=yes#results_top_tabs=re_&results_bottom_tabs=ANALYSIS. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  24. ^ "Conduit flows in for a Stoute clean sweep in King George". The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/racing/conduit-flows-in-for-a-stoute-clean-sweep-in-king-george-1761438.html. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  25. ^ "Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe result". Racing Post. http://www.racingpost.com/horses/result_home.sd?race_id=491970&r_date=2009-10-04&popup=yes#results_top_tabs=re_&results_bottom_tabs=ANALYSIS. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  26. ^ Chapman, Helen. "Conduit's not up for Breeders' Cup". Daily Mirror. http://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/racing-betting/racing-news/2009/10/13/conduit-s-not-up-for-breeders-cup-115875-21743809/. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  27. ^ "Conduit makes Breeders' Cup History". RTE. 2009-11-07. http://www.rte.ie/sport/2009/1107/conduit.html. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  28. ^ "Breeders' Cup Turf 2009 result". Racing Post. http://www.racingpost.com/horses/result_home.sd?race_id=493899&r_date=2009-11-07&popup=yes#results_top_tabs=re_&results_bottom_tabs=ANALYSIS. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  29. ^ Greg Wood. "Workforce Epsom Derby romp gives Ryan Moore second Classic". Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2010/jun/06/workforce-ryan-moore-sir-michael-stoute-the-derby. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  30. ^ "TURF Conduit reels in Presious Passion to retain crown". Racing Post. 2009-11-07. http://www.racingpost.com/news/horse-racing/santa-anita-conduit-reels-in-passion-to-retain-his-turf-crown/651310/top/. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  31. ^ "Japan Cup result". Racing Post. http://www.racingpost.com/horses/result_home.sd?race_id=495674&r_date=2009-11-29&popup=yes#results_top_tabs=re_&results_bottom_tabs=ANALYSIS. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  32. ^ "The 2008 World Thouroughbred Rankings". Horseracingintfed.com. http://www.horseracingintfed.com/resources/2008Rankings/2008_WorldRankings.asp. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  33. ^ "The 2009 World Thoroughbred Rankings". Horseracingintfed.com. http://www.horseracingintfed.com/resources/2009Rankings/2009_WorldRankings.asp. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  34. ^ "2008 Eclipse Award Winners". Horse-races.net. 2009-01-26. http://www.horse-races.net/library/eclipse08-winners.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  35. ^ "2009 Eclipse Award Winners". Horse-races.net. 2010-01-18. http://www.horse-races.net/library/eclipse09-winners.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  36. ^ Lee Mottershead (2009-12-04). "Sea The Stars crowned ROA Horse of the Year". Racing Post. http://www.racingpost.com/news/horse-racing/john-m-oxx-christopher-tsui-sea-the-stars-crowned-roa-horse-of-the-year/659900/. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  37. ^ "Conduit at Big Red Farm". Bigredfarm.jp. http://www.bigredfarm.jp/stallons/m_e_conduit.html. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  38. ^ "CONDUIT 2005 Chestnut Colt". Japan-bloodstock.co.jp. http://www.japan-bloodstock.co.jp/en/ped/c/o/conduit_2005c.html. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Нужно решить контрольную?

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Conduit — Contents 1 Common Channels 1.1 In Geography 1.2 In Electrical Systems …   Wikipedia

  • John Horse — Gravure de 1858 représentant Gopher John alias John Horse[1] John Horse (1812 1882), aussi connu sous les noms de Juan Caballo et de Gopher John, était un conseiller militaire d Osceola et un chef des Séminoles noirs contre l …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Crazy Horse (chef amérindien) — Pour les articles homonymes, voir Crazy Horse. Photo supposée de Crazy Horse prise en 1877, son attribution est controversée Crazy Horse est un chef amérindien, né vers 1839 …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Streetcars in Washington, D.C. — This article refers to the streetcars that existed in Washington prior to 1962. For information on the proposed new streetcar lines, see DC Streetcar. Washington Streetcars 15th Street NW in the early 20th century Info …   Wikipedia

  • Cheval au Moyen Âge — Image du XVe siècle représentant Charlemagne avec un cheval de type médiéval. Article principal : Cheval. Le cheval au Moyen Âge …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Hippophagie — Boucherie chevaline à Pézenas, dans le Languedoc. L hippophagie est une pratique alimentaire consistant à consommer de la viande de cheval. Connue depuis la préhistoire et pratiquée par de nombreux peuples eurasiatiques durant l Antiquité, à l …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Guerres Indiennes — Les guerres indiennes sont l ensemble des 65 guerres opposant les colons européens puis les Américains aux peuples Nord Amérindiens, de 1778 à 1890. Bien qu aucune guerre ne fut officiellement déclarée par le Congrès des États Unis, l armée fut… …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Guerres indiennes — Les guerres indiennes sont l ensemble des guerres opposant les colons européens puis le gouvernement des États Unis aux peuples Nord Amérindiens, de 1778 à 1890. Bien qu aucune guerre ne fût officiellement déclarée par le Congrès des États Unis,… …   Wikipédia en Français

  • History of trams — Tram systems were common throughout the industrialized world in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, but they disappeared from many cities in the mid 20th century. In recent years, they have made a comeback. Many newer light rail systems share …   Wikipedia

  • arts, East Asian — Introduction       music and visual and performing arts of China, Korea, and Japan. The literatures of these countries are covered in the articles Chinese literature, Korean literature, and Japanese literature.       Some studies of East Asia… …   Universalium

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
… Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”