West African Giraffe

West African Giraffe Niger Giraffe Nigerian Giraffe
Conservation status
Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Artiodactyla
Family:	Giraffidae
Genus:	Giraffa
Species:	G. camelopardalis
Subspecies:	G. c. peralta
Trinomial name
Giraffa camelopardalis peralta
mid 20th century range mapped in olive

The West African Giraffe, Niger Giraffe^[1] or Nigerian Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis peralta) is a subspecies of giraffe distinguished by its light colored spots, which is found in the Sahel regions of West Africa. In the 19th century it ranged in from Senegal to Lake Chad,^[2] yet in 2008 this subspecies only survives in a few isolated pockets containing fewer than 200 individuals in total.^[1] Its last self-sustaining herd is in southwest Niger, and all captive "West African Giraffe" are now known to be Kordofan Giraffe (G. c. antiquorum).^[2]

Decline

Before World War I, at the time of European colonial administrations, West African Giraffe lived in pockets across the Sahel and savanna regions of West Africa. Population growth, involving more intensive farming and hunting, a series of dramatic droughts since the late 19th century, and environment destruction (both natural and human made) have all contributed to their dramatic decline. As late as the 1960s, prior to the Sahel drought that lasted to the early 1980s, populations identified as G. c. peralta existed in Senegal, Niger, eastern Mali, northern Benin, northern Nigeria, southwest Chad and northern Cameroon. However, recent genetic research has shown that the populations from northern Cameroon and southern Chad actually are the Kordofan Giraffe (G. c. antiquorum).^[2] Therefore the giraffes that remain in Waza National Park (Cameroon) belong to the Kordofan Giraffe, while the only remaining viable population of the West African Giraffe is in Niger.^[2] In Niger herds have been reported from the Agadez Region, and across the west and south of the country. Herds regularly traveled into the Gao Region of Mali as well and throughout the Niger River valley of Niger. Drought struck again in the 1980s and 1990s, and in 1991 there were less than 100 in the nation, with the largest herd in the western Dosso Region numbering less than 50, and scattered individuals along the Niger River valley moving from Benin to Mali, and clinging to the W National Park and nearby reserves.^[3]

Subspecies definition

Older studies on giraffe subspecies have caused some researchers to question the separate status of G. c. peralta and the Kordofan Giraffe (G. c. antiquorum). Genetic testing published in 2007 ^[2][4] confirmed the distinctiveness of the West African giraffe. One of these publications revealed results, that have been interpreted to show that there may be at least six cryptic species of giraffe that are reproductively isolated and not interbreeding, even though no natural obstacles, like mountain ranges or impassable rivers block their mutual access. In fact, the study found that the two giraffe populations that live closest to each other— the Reticulated Giraffe (G. c. reticulata) of north Kenya, and the Masai Giraffe (G. c. tippelskirchi) in south Kenya— separated genetically between 0.13 and 1.62 million years BP, judging from genetic drift in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA.

Most captive giraffes from northwestern Africa are in French zoological parks, a result of the history of French colonialism in what was French West Africa. Those giraffes were formerly treated as G. c. peralta. However, since genetic analysis revealed that only giraffes to the west of Lake Chad belong to this subspecies, the populations in European zoos are in fact Kordofan giraffes (G. c. antiquorum).^[2]

Conservation

Conservation efforts since the 1990s have led to a sizable growth in population, though largely limited to the single Dosso herd. From a low of 50 individuals, in 2007 there were some 175 wild individuals.^[5] Intensive efforts have been made within Niger, especially in the area just north of the Dosso Partial Faunal Reserve. From there, the largest existing herd migrate seasonally to the drier highlands along the Dallol Bosso valley, as far north as Kouré, some 80 km southeast of Niamey. This area, though under little formal regulation, is the centre for Nigerien and international efforts to maintain habitat, smooth relations between the herd and area farmers, and provide opportunities for tourism, organised by the Association pour la Sauvegarde des Girafes du Niger.^[6][7]

Habitat

The Nigerien giraffe population relies upon seasonal migration between the relatively drought-resistant lowlands of the Niger River valley and the drier highlands near Kouré. In this area, Tiger bush habitat allows for bands of trees to thrive in climates which might otherwise become more typical desert. These giraffe survive primarily on a diet of leaves from Acacia albida and Hyphaene thebaica as well as Annona senegalensis, Parinari macrophylla, Piliostigma reticulatum, and Balanites aegyptiaca.^[3] In the late 1990s, an anti-desertification project for the area around Niamey encouraged the development of woodcutting businesses. An unintended effect of this was the destruction of much Tiger bush and giraffe habitat within the region. The Nigerien government has since moved to limit woodcutting in the area.^[8]

References

1. ^ ^{a b} IUCN 2008 Red List - Giraffa camelopardalis ssp. peralta
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Alexandre Hassanin, Anne Ropiquet, Anne-Laure Gourmand, Bertrand Chardonnet, Jacques Rigoulet : Mitochondrial DNA variability in Giraffa camelopardalis: consequences for taxonomy, phylogeography and conservation of giraffes in West and central Africa. C. R. Biologies 330 (2007) 265–274. online abstract
3. ^ ^{a b} Mariama Galadima (16/07/2008). "Le Sanctuaire des Girafes". Centre d'Echange d'Informations sur la Biodiversité du Niger. http://ne.chm-cbd.net/biodiversity/aires-prot/le-sanctuaire-des-girafes. 
4. ^ David Brown, Rick A Brenneman, et al., "Extensive Population Genetic Structure in the Giraffe", BioMedCentral Biology. Reported in BBC News, "Not one but 'six giraffe species'", 21 December 2007 and in ScienceDaily, "Giraffes And Frogs Provide More Evidence Of New Species Hidden In Plain Sight", 21 December 2007
5. ^ Projet d’étude et de conservation des Girafes du Niger, Association pour la Sauvegarde des Girafes du Niger (2007).
6. ^ Giraffe Preservation in Niger - Courtesy of the A.S.G.N. (n.d.)
7. ^ A photo essay of this work, is available at Flickr.
8. ^ Jolijn Geels. Niger. Bradt UK/ Globe Pequot Press USA (2006) ISBN 9781841621524

• I. Ciofolo. "West Africa's Last Giraffes: The Conflict between Development and Conservation," Journal of Tropical Ecology, Vol. 11, No. 4 (November 1995), pp. 577–588
• Yvonnick Le Pendu and Isabelle Ciofolo (1999). Seasonal movements of giraffes in Niger. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 15 , pp 341–353

External links

• Media related to Nigerian Giraffes at Wikimedia Commons
• Data related to Giraffa camelopardalis peralta at Wikispecies