History of a Six Weeks' Tour

"History of a Six Weeks' Tour through a part of France, Switzerland, Germany, and Holland; with Letters Descriptive of a Sail Round the Lake of Geneva and of the Glaciers of Chamouni" is a travel narrative by the British Romantic authors Mary Shelley and Percy Bysshe Shelley. Published in 1817, it describes two trips taken by Mary, Percy, and Mary’s stepsister, Claire Clairmont: one across Europe in 1814, and one to Lake Geneva in 1816. Divided into three sections, the text consists of a journal, four letters, and Percy Shelley’s poem "Mont Blanc". Apart from the poem, the text was primarily written and organised by Mary Shelley. In 1840 Mary Shelley revised the journal and the letters, republishing them in a collection of Percy Shelley's writings.

Part of the new genre of the Romantic travel narrative, "History of a Six Weeks' Tour" exudes spontaneity and enthusiasm; its authors demonstrate their desire to develop a sense of taste and distinguish themselves from those around them. The romantic elements of the work would have hinted at the text's radical politics to nineteenth-century readers. However, the text's frank discussion of politics, evident in its positive references to the French Revolution and its praise of Enlightenment philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, was unusual for a travel narrative at the time, particularly for one primarily authored by a woman.

Although it did not sell well, "History of a Six Weeks' Tour" received favourable reviews. In proposing another travel narrative to her publisher in 1843, Mary Shelley claimed "my 6 weeks tour brought me many compliments". [Qtd. in Moskal, "Introductory note", 4.]

Biographical background

Mary Godwin and Percy Shelley met and fell in love in 1814. Percy Shelley initially visited the Godwin household because he was interested in meeting his philosophical hero, Mary's father, William Godwin. However, Mary and Percy soon began having secret rendezvous, despite the fact that Percy was already married. To Mary's dismay, her father disapproved and tried to thwart the relationship. On 28 July 1814, Mary and Percy secretly left for France, taking Mary's stepsister, Claire Clairmont, with them. [St Clair, 355–62.]

The trio travelled for six weeks, from 28 July to 13 September 1814, through France, Switzerland, Germany, and Holland; however, they were forced to return to England due to financial considerations. The situation awaiting Mary Godwin when she returned was fraught with complications: she had become pregnant with a child who would soon die, she and Percy now found themselves penniless, and, to Mary's genuine surprise, her father refused to have anything to do with her. [St Clair, 364–73; Seymour, 103–16.]

In May 1816, Mary Godwin, Percy Shelley, and their second child travelled to Geneva with Claire Clairmont. They planned to spend the summer with the Romantic poet Lord Byron. They spent their time writing, boating on Lake Geneva, and talking late into the night. Sitting around a log fire at Byron's villa, the company also amused themselves by reading German ghost stories, prompting Byron to suggest they each write their own supernatural tale. Mary Godwin began writing what she assumed would be a short story, but with Percy Shelley's encouragement, she expanded this tale into her first novel, . [Bennett, 30–31; Seymour, 151–63.]

Mary, Percy, and Claire returned to England in September and on 30 December 1816 Percy and Mary married (two weeks after the death of Percy's first wife), healing the family rift. [St Clair, 414–15; Seymour, 176–77.] In March 1817, the Shelleys and Claire moved to Marlow, Buckinghamshire. At Marlow, they entertained friends, worked hard at their writing, and often discussed politics. [Seymour, 185.] Early in the summer of 1817, Mary Shelley finished "Frankenstein", which was published anonymously in January 1818, and began working on "History of a Six Weeks' Tour", which was published in November 1817.

Description

"History of a Six Weeks' Tour" consists of three major sections: a journal, letters from Geneva, and the poem "Mont Blanc". It begins with a short "Preface", which claims "nothing can be more unpresuming than this little volume" [Shelley and Shelley, "History of a Six Weeks' Tour" (1817), iii.] and makes it clear that the couple in the narrative is married (although Mary and Percy were not at the time). [Shelley and Shelley, "History of a Six Weeks' Tour" (1817), iv.]

The journal, which narrates Percy, Mary, and Claire’s 1814 six-week tour across the Continent, is divided by country: France, Switzerland, Germany, and Holland. After the group arrives in Calais and proceeds to Paris, they decide on a plan: "After talking over and rejecting many plans, we fixed on one eccentric enough, but which, from its romance, was very pleasing to us. In England we could not have put it in execution without sustaining continual insult and impertinence: the French are far more tolerant of the vagaries of their neighbours. We resolved to walk through France". [Shelley and Shelley, "History of a Six Weeks' Tour" (1817), 13.] Each day they enter a new town; but even while travelling, they spend time writing and reading. The journal comments on the people they meet, the countryside, and the current events that have shaped the environment. Some of what they see is beautiful and some is "barren and wretched". [Shelley and Shelley, "History of a Six Weeks' Tour", (1817) 22.] Percy sprains his ankle, which becomes an increasing problem—the group is forced to hire a "voiture". By the time the trio reaches Lucerne, they are nearly out of money and decide to return home. They return by boat along the Rhine, as that is the cheapest mode of travel. Despite their problems with unreliable boats and dangerous waters, they see some beautiful scenery before landing in England.

The four "Letters from Geneva" cover the period between May and July 1816 which the Shelleys spent at Lake Geneva. Letters I, II, and IV describe the sublime aspects of Mont Blanc, the Alps, Lake Geneva, and the glaciers around Chamonix: Letter III describes a tour around the environs of Vevey and other places associated with the Enlightenment philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau: "This journey has been on every account delightful, but most especially, because then I first knew the divine beauty of Rousseau’s imagination, as it exhibits itself in Julie." [Shelley and Shelley, "History of a Six Weeks' Tour" (1817), 107–108.]

"Mont Blanc" compares the sublime aspect of the mountain to the human imagination::The everlasting universe of things:Flows through the mind, and rolls its rapid waves,:Now dark—now glittering—now reflecting gloom...:Thus thou, ravine of Arve—dark, deep ravine—:Thou many-coloured, many-voiced vale... [Percy Shelley, "Mont Blanc", "History of a Six Weeks' Tour" (1817), 175–76.] While emphasising the ability of the human imagination to uncover truth through a study of nature, the poem also questions religious certainty. However, it is only a privileged few who are able to see nature as it truly is and reveal its secrets to the world. [Reider, 778–98.]

Composition and publication

In the summer of 1817, Mary Shelley started to assemble the couple’s joint diary from their 1814 journey into a travel book. [Moskal, “Introductory note”, 1.] At what point she decided to include the letters from the 1816 Geneva trip and Percy Shelley's poem "Mont Blanc" is unclear, but by 28 September the journal and the letters were a single text. [Moskal, “Introductory note”, 1–2] By the middle of October she was making fair copies for the press and correcting and transcribing "Frankenstein" for publication while Percy was working on "The Revolt of Islam". [Moskal "Introductory note", 1–2; Nitchie, 31; Bennett, 23.] Percy probably corrected and copyedited the journal section while Mary did the same for his letters. [Moskal, “Introductory note”, 2.] Advertisements for the work appeared on 30 October in the "Morning Chronicle" and on 1 November in "The Times", promising a 6 November release. However, it was not until 12 and 13 November that the work was actually published. [Moskal, “Introductory note”, 2.] It was Mary Shelley’s first published work. [Nitchie, 30.] (Though "Frankenstein" was written before "History of a Six Week's Tour", the novel was not published until January 1818. [Bennett, 30.] )

"History of a Six Weeks' Tour" begins with a "Preface", written by Percy Shelley, [Moskal, “Introductory note”, 1.] followed by the journal section. The journal consists of edited entries from the joint diary that Percy and Mary Shelley kept during their 1814 trip to the Continent, specifically those from 28 July to 13 September 1814. Of the 8,500 words in the journal section, 1,150 are from Percy’s entries and either copied verbatim or almost exactly paraphrased. Almost all of the passages describing the sublime are in Percy’s words. [For a detailed list of which sentences are copied verbatim, see "The Prose Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley", 554–55.] When Mary turned to her own entries, however, she significantly revised them—"almost nothing of her original phrasing remains". She even included sections of Claire Clairmont’s journal. [ Moskal, “Introductory note”, 2–3.]

The second section of the text consists of four letters and is entitled "Letters written during a Residence of Three Months in the Environs of Geneva, in the Summer of the Year 1816". The first two letters are signed "M" and the second two "S". The first two are attributed to Mary Shelley, but their origin is obscure. As Jeanne Moskal writes in the "Introduction" to the most recent definitive edition of Mary Shelley’s works, "the obvious inference is that they are literary versions of lost private epistles to Fanny Godwin", Mary Shelley's stepsister who remained in England and with whom she corresponded during the journey. [Moskal, “Introductory note”, 3.] However, Moskal also notes that there is a missing Mary Shelley notebook from precisely this time, from which the material in these letters could have come: "It is extremely likely that this notebook contained the same kind of mix of entries made by both Shelleys that the surviving first (July 1814—May 1815) and second (July 1816—June 1819) journal notebooks exhibit....Furthermore, Letter I contains four short passages found almost verbatim in P. B. Shelley’s letter of 15 May to T. L. Peacock." [Moskal, “Introductory note”, 3.] The third and fourth letters are composites of Mary’s journal entry for 21 July and one of Percy's letters to Peacock. [Nitchie, 31.]

The third section of the text consists only of Percy’s poem "Mont Blanc. Lines written in the vale of Chamouni"; it was the first and only publication of the poem in his lifetime. [Colbert, 22.] It has been argued by leading Percy Shelley scholar Donald Reiman that the "History of a Six Weeks' Tour" is arranged so as to lead up to "Mont Blanc". However, those who see the work as primarily a picturesque travel narrative argue that the descriptions of Alpine scenes would have been familiar to early nineteenth-century audiences and they would not have expected a poetic climax. [Colbert, 23.]

In 1839, "History of a Six Weeks' Tour" was revised and republished as “Journal of a Six Weeks’ Tour” and “Letters from Geneva” in "Essays, Letters from Abroad, Translations and Fragments, by Percy Bysshe Shelley, Edited by Mrs. Shelley" (1840). Although these works were not by her husband, she decided to include them because they were "part of his life", as she explained to her friend Leigh Hunt. She appended her initials to the works to indicate her authorship. [Moskal, “Introductory note”, 4–5.] As Moskal explains, "the unity of the 1817 volume as a volume was dissolved" to make way for a biography of Percy Shelley. After he drowned in 1822, Percy Shelley’s father forbade Mary Shelley from writing a memoir or biography of him. [Spark, 105–106.] She therefore added substantial biographical notices to the edited collections of his works. [Bennett, 111–12.] The 1840 version of "History of a Six Weeks' Tour" has four major types of changes according to Moskal: "(i) modernization and correction of spelling, punctuation and French (ii) self-distancing from the familial relationship with Claire Clairmont (iii) a heightened sensitivity to national identity (iv) presentation of the travelers as a writing, as well as reading, circle". [Moskal, “Introductory note”, 5.] As a result of these changes, more of Percy Shelley’s writing was included in the 1840 version than in the 1817 version. In 1845, Mary Shelley published a one-volume edition with additional, minor changes, based on the 1840 version. [Moskal, “Introductory note”, 5.]

Genre

"History of a Six Weeks’ Tour" is a travel narrative, part of a literary tradition begun in the seventeenth century. Through the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries, Continental travel was considered educational: young, aristocratic gentlemen completed their studies by learning European languages abroad and visiting foreign courts. [Smith, 155.] In the early seventeenth century, however, the emphasis shifted from classical learning to empirical experience, such as knowledge of topography, history, and culture. Detailed travel books, including personal travel narratives, began to be published and became popular in the eighteenth century: over 1,000 individual travel narratives and travel miscellanies were published between 1660 and 1800. [Smith, 155.] The empiricism that was driving the scientific revolution spread to travel literature; for example, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu included information she learned in Turkey regarding smallpox inoculation in her travel letters. [Smith, 156.] By 1742, critic and essayist Samuel Johnson was recommending that travelers engage in "a moral and ethical study of men and manners" in addition to a scientific study of topography and geography. [Smith, 156.]

Over the course of the eighteenth century, the Grand Tour became increasingly popular; travel to the Continent for Britain’s elite was not only educational but also nationalistic. All aristocratic gentlemen took similar trips and visited similar sites, often devoted to developing an appreciation of Britain while abroad. [Smith, 156.] The Grand Tour was celebrated as educational but also condemned as trivial. A distinction began to arise between travelling and mere tourism: "instead of exchanging knowledge with learned scientists, the frivolous Grand Tourist gathered specimens for his curio collection; instead of becoming cultivated by studying other nations' manners, he picked up 'superficial social polish'; instead of fitting himself to govern, he indulged in sexual adventures and wasted his time sightseeing". [Smith, 156.] During the Napoleonic Wars, the Continent was closed to British travellers and the Grand Tour came under increasing criticism, particularly from radicals such as William Godwin who challenged its class associations. [Smith, 156.] Young Romantic writers criticised its lack of spontaneity and novels such as Madame de Staёl's "Corinne" (1807) depicted proper travel as "immediate, sensitive, and above all [an] enthusiastic experience". [Smith, 157.] A new form of travel emerged—Romantic travel—which focused on developing "taste", rather than acquiring objects, and having enthusiastic "experiences". "History of a Six Weeks' Tour" embodies this new style of travel. [Smith, 157.]

"History of a Six Weeks' Tour" is a specifically Romantic travel narrative because of its enthusiasm and the writers' desire to develop a sense of "taste". The travellers are open to new experiences, changing their itinerary frequently and using whatever vehicles they can find. [Smith, 158.] Mary Shelley rejoices in the newness of the colours in a sunset and the variety of flowers that she sees. [Smith, 158.] In a review essay entitled "The English in Italy" (1826), she reminisces:Not everything she encounters is beautiful, however, and she juxtaposes her distaste for the German working class to her delight with French servants. Although politically liberal, Mary Shelley is aesthetically repelled by the Germans and therefore excludes them. [Smith, 159.] Shelley compares herself to the non-discriminating Claire Clairmont, who "on looking at this scene...exclaimed, 'Oh! this is beautiful enough; let us live here.' This was her exclamation on every new scene, and as each surpassed the one before, she cried, 'I am glad we did not stay at Charenton, but let us live here'". [Qtd. in Jones, 27.] Shelley also compares herself positively to the French peasants who are unaware that Napoleon has been deposed. As scholar Angela Jones contends, "Shelley may be said to figure herself as a more knowledgeable, disinterested English outsider capable of rendering impartial judgment"—an Enlightenment value. [Jones, 27.]

However, as Romanticist Jacqueline Labbe argues, Mary Shelley challenges the conventions of the Romantic travel narrative as well. For example, one reviewer wrote, "now and then a French phrase drops sweetly enough from [the author’s] fair mouth", [Qtd. in Labbe, 221.] and as Labbe explains, these phrases are supposed to lead the reader to imagine a "beautiful heroine and her group passing easily from village to village". [Labbe, 221.] However, both French quotations in "History of a Six Weeks' Tour" undercut this Romantic image. The first describes the overturning of a boat and the drowning of its occupants and the second is a warning not to travel on foot through France, as Napoleon’s army has just been disbanded and the women are in danger of rape. [Labbe, 221–22.]

While the overarching generic category for "History of a Six Weeks' Tour" is that of the travel narrative, its individual sections can be considered separately. The first journey is told as a "continuous, undated diary entry" while the second journey is told through epistolary and lyric forms. [Moskal, “Travel writing”, 243.] Moskal agrees with Reiman that the book was constructed to culminate in "Mont Blanc" and she notes that this was accomplished using a traditional hierarchy of genres—diary, letters, poem—a hierarchy that is gendered as Mary Shelley’s writings are superseded by Percy’s. [Moskal, “Travel writing”, 243.] However, these traditional gender-genre associations are undercut by the implicit acknowledgment of Mary Shelley as the primary author, with her journal giving the entire work its name and contributing the bulk of the text. [Moskal, “Travel writing”, 244.]

The journal is also threaded through with elements of romance: "accounts of ruined castles, enchanting valleys, and sublime views". [Labbe, 222.] In fact, in "The English in Italy", Mary Shelley writes of the journey that "it was acting in a novel, being an incarnate romance". [Qtd. in Labbe, 227.] However, these romantic descriptions are often ambiguous. Often single sentences contain juxtapositions between "romance" and "reality": "Many villages, ruined by war, occupied the most romantic spots". [Qtd. in Labbe, 222.] Shelley also references Don Quixote, but he was "famous for his "delusions" of romance", as Labbe points out. [Labbe, 222.] Mary Shelley’s allusions to Cervantes's "Don Quixote" (1605) not only placed her text in a romance tradition, they also hinted at its radicalism to contemporary readers. During the 1790s, Mary Shelley’s father, William Godwin, connected his support for the French Revolution with the romance tradition, specifically "Don Quixote" and any allusion to the novel would have signalled Godwinian radicalism to readers at the time. It would also have suggested support for reform efforts in Spain, which was rebelling against Napoleon. [Moskal, “Travel writing”, 245.] The beginning of the journal is dominated by romance conventions, but as the travellers run out of money, this style disappears. However, romance conventions briefly return during the trip down the Rhine. [Labbe, 225.] As Labbe argues, "it would appear that while [Shelley] seems to be industriously salting her narrative with romance in order, perhaps, to garner public approval, she also...exposes the falsity of such a scheme." [Labbe 222.]

One of the most important influences on "History of a Six Weeks' Tour" was Mary Wollstonecraft's "Letters Written in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark" (1796), written by Mary Shelley’s mother. A travel narrative which reflects on topography, politics, society, aesthetics, and the author’s personal feelings, it provided a model for her daughter's work. [Bennett, 26–27.] Like her mother, Mary Shelley was unafraid of discussing politics, revealing her liberalism; however, this political tone was unusual for travel works at the time and was considered inappropriate for women writers. [Bennett, 29.] Like Wollstonecraft’s "Letters", "History of a Six Weeks' Tour" blurs the line between the private and the public spheres by using intimate genres such as the journal and the letter, allowing Mary Shelley to present political opinions through personal anecdote and the picturesque. [Jones, 26.]

Themes

"History of a Six Weeks' Tour" is a liberal work: its trajectory begins with a survey of the devastation of the Napoleonic Wars and ends by celebrating the natural sublime. The third canto of Byron’s "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage" and William Wordsworth’s 1850 "The Prelude" follow a similar course. [Moskal, “Travel writing”, 246.] As Moskal explains, "nature is troped as the repository of a sublimity, once incarnated in Napoleon, that will re-emerge in politics". [Moskal, “Travel writing, 246.] The book is therefore not only a liberal political statement but also a Romantic celebration of nature. [Bennett, 28.]

The journal begins with a "view of Napoleon’s shattered political power". [Moskal, “Travel writing”, 244.] He had just been exiled to Elba a few months before the Shelleys arrived in Europe. Surveying the devastation caused by the Napoleonic Wars, Mary Shelley worries about how the British will handle Paris and grieves over the "ruin" brought to a small French town by the Cossacks. [Moskal, “Travel writing”, 244.] Between the two journeys recorded in the text, Napoleon returned to power in the so-called Hundred Days and was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. The four letters from Geneva reflect obliquely on this event. As Moskal argues, "the Shelleys focus on the forms of sublimity and power that outlast Napoleon: the literary genius of Rousseau and the natural sublimity of Lake Geneva and Mont Blanc". [Moskal, “Travel writing”, 244.] Both Shelleys use their works in "History of a Six Weeks’ Tour" to assess and evaluate the French Revolution, making it a highly political travel narrative. [Bennett, 25.] In Letter II, Mary Shelley writes:Mary Shelley also included positive portrayals of the French people. As Mary Shelley scholar Betty T. Bennett explains, "politically pointed, these accolades underscore the link between the 1814 defeated enemy of Britain and the pre-Napoleon democratic spirit of the 1789 Revolution, a spirit the Shelleys wished to reactivate". [Bennett, 28.]

Lives of people interested Mary Shelley and she recorded them, but she also recorded a great deal of the travellers’ own feelings, suggesting to the reader the appropriate reaction. [Nitchie, 38; Bennett, 26.] For example, she wrote of the French town Nogent:

Reception

"History of a Six Weeks' Tour" received three major reviews, mostly favourable. However, the book did not sell well. Percy Shelley discovered in April or May of 1820 that there were no profits to pay the printer and when Charles Ollier, the co-publisher, went out of business, his inventory included 92 copies of the work. [Moskal, “Introductory note”, 4.] Yet, Mary Shelley believed the work successful, and when she proposed another travel narrative, "Rambles in Germany and Italy", to publisher Edward Moxon in 1843, she wrote "my 6 weeks tour brought me many compliments". Her comments may have been self-interested, however. [Moskal, “Introductory note”, 4.]

The first review of "History of a Six Weeks' Tour" was published by "The Eclectic Review" in May 1818, which reviewed the book along with publisher Thomas Hookham's account of a Swiss tour, "A Walk through Switzerland in September 1816". [Colbert, 25.] Although both works share the same fascination with Rousseau and his liberal ideas, only Hookham is attacked; as scholar Benjamin Colbert explains, "Shelley tends to remain on more neutral territory", such as the cult of sensibility and the novel "Julie". [Colbert, 25.] However, the reviewer questions the authenticity of the work: "To us...the value of the book is considerably lessened by a strong suspicion that the dramatis personae are fictitious, and that the little adventures introduced for the purpose of giving life and interest to the narration, are the mere invention of the Author." [Qtd. in Colbert, 26.] He identifies passages that remind him of similar travel narratives by Patrick Brydone, Ann Radcliffe, and John Carr, effectively identifying the generic tradition in which the Shelleys were writing. [Colbert, 26.]

The second and most positive review was published by "Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine" in July 1818. [Colbert, 27.] The reviewer was most impressed with the journal section, particularly its informality and concision: "the perusal of it rather produces the same effect as a smart walk before breakfast, in company with a lively friend who hates long stories". [Qtd. in Colbert, 28.] Covertly comparing the work to bluestocking Lady Morgan’s recent "France" (1817), the reviewer found the female writer of "History of a Six Weeks' Tour" much more favourable: "The writer of this little volume, too, is a Lady, and writes like one, with ease, gracefulness, and vivacity. Above all, there is something truly delightful in the colour of her stockings; they are of the purest white, and much more becoming than the brightest blue." [Qtd. in Moskal, “Introductory note”, 4.] The "Monthly Review" published a short review in January 1819; they found the first journey “hurried” but the second one better described. [Colbert, 28.]

For most of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Mary Shelley was known as the author of "Frankenstein" and the wife of famous Romantic poet Percy Bysshe Shelley. It was not until the 1970s, with the rise of feminist literary criticism, that scholars began to pay attention to her other works. In fact, with the exception of "Frankenstein" and "The Last Man", until the 1990s almost all of Mary Shelley's writings had gone out of print or only been available in expensive, scholarly editions. ["Introduction", "The Other Mary Shelley", 7.] It was not until the publication of scholarship by Mary Poovey and Anne K. Mellor in the 1980s that Mary Shelley's "other" works—her short stories, essays, reviews, dramas, biographies, travel narratives, and other novels—began to be recognised as literary achievements. ["Introduction", "The Other Mary Shelley", 3–9.]

ee also

*List of works by Mary Shelley

Notes

Bibliography

*Bennett, Betty T. "Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley: An Introduction". Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998. ISBN 080185976X.
*Colbert, Benjamin. "Contemporary Notice of the Shelleys' History of a Six Weeks' Tour: Two New Early Reviews". "Keats-Shelley Journal" 48 (1999): 22–29.
*Fisch, Audrey A, Anne K. Mellor, and Esther H. Schor. "Introduction". "The Other Mary Shelley: Beyond" Frankenstein. Eds. Audrey A. Fisch, Anne K. Mellor, and Esther H. Schor. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. ISBN 0195077407.
*Jones, Angela D. "Lying Near the Truth: Mary Shelley Performs the Private". "Iconoclastic Departures: Mary Shelley after" Frankenstein. Eds. Syndy M. Conger, Frederick S. Frank, and Gregory O’Dea. Teaneck, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1994. ISBN 0836836845.
*Labbe, Jacqueline M. "A Family Romance: Mary Wollstonecraft, Mary Godwin, and Travel". "Genre" 25 (1992): 211–28.
*Moskal, Jeanne. "'To speak in Sanchean phrase': Cervantes and the Politics of Mary Shelley's "History of a Six Weeks' Tour". "Mary Shelley in Her Times". Ed. Betty T. Bennett and Stuart Curran. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000. ISBN 0801877334.
*Moskal, Jeanne. "Introductory note". "The Novels and Selected Works of Mary Shelley". Vol. 8. London: William Pickering, 1996. ISBN 1851960767.
*Moskal, Jeanne. "Travel writing". "The Cambridge Companion to Mary Shelley". Ed. Esther Schor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. ISBN 0521007704.
*Nitchie, Elizabeth. "Mary Shelley, Traveller". "Keats-Shelley Journal" 10 (1961): 22–42.
*Reider, John. "Shelley's 'Mont Blanc': Landscape and the Ideology of the Sacred Text". "ELH" 48.4 (1981): 778–798.
*Seymour, Miranda. "Mary Shelley". London: John Murray, 2000. ISBN 0719557119.
* [Shelley, Mary and Percy Shelley] . [http://books.google.com/books?id=u1YJAAAAQAAJ&dq=inauthor:Mary+inauthor:Shelley&lr=&as_brr=1&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 "History of a Six Weeks’ Tour through a part of France, Switzerland, Germany, and Holland; with Letters Descriptive of a Sail Round the Lake of Geneva and of the Glaciers of Chamouni"] . London: T. Hookham, Jr. and C. and J. Ollier, 1817. Google Books. Retrieved 31 July 2008.
*Shelley, Percy Bysshe. "The Prose Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley". Ed. E. B. Murray. Vol. I. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993. ISBN 0198127480.
*Smith, Johanna M. "Mary Shelley". New York: Twayne, 1996. ISBN 0805770453.
*St Clair, William. "The Godwins and the Shelleys: The Biography of a Family". London: Faber & Faber, 1989. ISBN 0571154220.

External links

* [http://books.google.com/books?id=u1YJAAAAQAAJ&dq=inauthor:Mary+inauthor:Shelley&lr=&as_brr=1&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 "History of a Six Weeks' Tour" (1817)] from Google Books
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=RUyNKBbBYxMC&dq=inauthor:Mary+inauthor:Shelley&lr=&as_brr=1&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 "Essays, Letters from Abroad, Translations and Fragments" (1840)] from Google Books