Blue Stockings Society (England)

:"For other uses, see Bluestocking."

The Blue Stockings Society was an informal women's social and educational movement in England in the mid-18th century.

About

The Blue Stockings Society was created in imitation of the French society of the same name, but emphasizing education and mutual co-operation rather than the individualism which marked the French version.

The Society was founded in the early 1750s by Elizabeth Montagu and others as a women's literary discussion group, a revolutionary step away from traditional non-intellectual women's activities. They invited various people to attend, including botanist, translator and publisher Benjamin Stillingfleet. One story tells that Stillingfleet was not rich enough to have the proper formal dress, which included black silk stockings, so he attended in everyday blue worsted stockings. The term came to refer to the informal quality of the gatherings and the emphasis on conversation over fashion.Barbara Brandon Schnorrenberg, “ [http://www.oxforddnb.com.proxy.hil.unb.ca/view/article/19014 Montagu , Elizabeth (1718–1800)] ,” "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography". Ed. H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison. Oxford: OUP, 2004. 22 Apr. 2007.]

Notable Members

Hannah More, Frances Burney, Anna Laetitia Barbauld, Sarah Fielding, Hester Chapone, Ada Lovelace, Margaret Cavendish-Harley, Mary Delaney, Elizabeth Carter, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, Samuel Johnson, [Boswell’s Life of Johnson, ed. Hill, G.B. (1887), vol. IV, p. 108.] Sir Joshua Reynolds, Edmund Burke, David Garrick, Horace Walpole, William Pulteney, James Beattie, Anna Williams, Hester Thrale, and Elizabeth Vesey were all part of the Bluestocking circle at one time or another.

History

The Blue Stockings Society of England emerged in the middle of the eighteenth century, around the year 1750, and waned in popularity at the end of the eighteenth century. It was a loose organization of privileged women with an interest in education to gather together to discuss literature while inviting educated men to participate. The Blue Stockings Society leaders and hostesses were Elizabeth Montagu and Elizabeth Vesey. The women involved in this group generally had more education and fewer children than most English women of the time. During this time period only men attended universities and women were expected to master skills such as needlework and knitting: "It was considered “unbecoming” for them to know Greek or Latin, almost immodest for them to be authors, and certainly indiscreet to own the fact. Mrs. Barbauld was merely the echo of popular sentiment when she protested that women did not want colleges. “The best way for a woman to acquire knowledge,” she wrote, “is from conversation with a father, or brother, or friend.” It was not till the beginning of the next century — after the pioneer work of the bluestockings, be it observed — that Sydney Smith, aided, doubtless, by his extraordinary sense of humour, discovered the absurdity of the fact that a woman of forty should be more ignorant than a boy of twelve." (XV, Cambridge History of English and American Literature). The group has been described by many historians and authors such as Jeanine Dobbs [Dobbs, Jeanine: The Blue-Stockings: Getting it Together, Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, Vol. 1, No. 3. (Winter, 1976), pp. 81-93.] as "having preserved and advanced feminism" due to the advocacy of women's education, social complaints of the status and lifestyle expected of the women in their society, seen in the writings of the Blue Stocking women themselves:"In a woman's education little but outward accomplishments is regarded...sure the men are very imprudent to endeavor to make fools of those to whom they so much trust their honour and fortune, but it is in the nature of mankind to hazard their peace to secure power, and they know fools make the best slaves."-Elizabeth Montagu 1743.

Origin of the Name

The name "Blue Stocking Society" and its origins are highly disputed among historians. It perhaps originated from the European fashion in the mid-eighteenth century in which black stockings were worn in formal dress and blue stockings were daytime or more informal wear. Blue stockings were also very fashionable for women in Paris at the time, though many historians claim the term for the society began when Mrs. Vesey first said to Benjamin Stillingfleet, a learned gentleman who had given up society and did not have clothes suitable for an evening party, to "Come in your blue stockings". Mr. Stillingfleet became a popular guest at the Blue Stocking Society gatherings. [cite book|last=Bebbington|first=William George|title=An English Handbook|publisher=Schofield & Sons Ltd.|location=Huddersfield|date=1962|edition=6th|pages=252-3|chapter=Blue-Stocking.]

Goals of the Blue Stocking Society

The Blue Stocking society had no membership formalities or fees but was conducted as small to large gatherings in which talk of politics was prohibited but literature and the arts were of main discussion. Learned women with interest in these educational discussions attended as well as invited male guests. Tea, biscuits and other light refreshments would be served to guests by the hostesses.

The "New York Times" archives contain an article published on 17 April 1881 which describes the Blue Stockings Society as a women's movement away from the "vice" and "passion" of gambling which was the main form of entertainment at higher society parties. "Instead however, of following the fashion, Mrs. Montagu and a few friends Mrs. Boscawen and Mrs. Vesey, who like herself, were untainted by this wolfish passion, resolved to make a stand against the universal tyranny of a custom which absorbed the life and leisure of the rich to the exclusion of all intellectual enjoyment... and to found a society in which conversation should supersede cards." (1881, The New York Times).

Many of the Blue Stocking women supported each other in intellectual endeavors such as reading, artwork, and writing. Many also published literature. More notably, author Elizabeth Carter (1717-1806), was a Blue Stocking Society advocate and member who published essays and poetry, and translated Epictetus. Contemporary author Anna Miegon compiled biographical sketches of these women in her "Biographical Sketches of Principal Bluestocking Women". [Miegon, Anna: Biographical Sketches of Principal Bluestocking Women, The Huntington Library Quarterly, Vol. 65, No. 1/2, Reconsidering the Bluestockings. (2002), pp. 25-37.] .

References

External links

* [http://www.worldwidewords.org/topicalwords/tw-blu1.htm Details on origin of term] at World Wide Words
* [http://www.faculty.umb.edu/elizabeth_fay/archive2.html Bluestocking Archive]
* [http://www.bartleby.com/221/1502.html Mrs. Vesey, Cambridge History of English and American Literature]
* [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C06E5DC133FEE3ABC4F52DFB266838A699FDE NY Times 1881 Article]
* [http://www.npg.org.uk/live/wobrilliantwomen.asp Brilliant Women exhibition] at the National Portrait Gallery