Michel Suleiman

Michel Suleiman مِيشَالْ سُلَيْمَانْ
President of Lebanon
Incumbent
Assumed office 25 May 2008
Prime Minister	Fouad Siniora Saad Hariri Najib Mikati
Preceded by	Fouad Siniora (Acting)[1]
Personal details
Born	21 November 1948 (1948-11-21) (age 62) Amsheet, Lebanon
Political party	Independent
Spouse(s)	Wafaa Suleiman
Alma mater	Lebanese University
Religion	Maronite Catholicism
Military service
Allegiance	Lebanon
Service/branch	Lebanese Army
Years of service	1967–2008
Rank	General
Commands	• Commander of the 11th Infantry Brigade  • Commander of the 6th Infantry Brigade  • Commander of the Lebanese Armed Forces
Battles/wars	• Liberation War  • Operation Dinnieh  • Operation Benin  • 2006 Lebanon War  • Operation Nahr el-Bared

Michel Suleiman or Sleiman (Arabic: ميشال سليمان‎, born 21 November 1948) is the President of Lebanon. Before assuming office as President, he held the position of commander of the Lebanese Armed Forces. After LAF commander Émile Lahoud took office as president in November of 1998, Suleiman succeeded him, taking his place in December. Suleiman was later elected President and was sworn into office on May 25, 2008.^[2][3]

Early life, education and family

Suleiman was born in Amsheet in a Christian family. He joined the Lebanese Armed Forces in 1967 and went on to graduate from the Military Academy as 2nd Lieutenant in 1970.^[4] He holds a Bachelor of Arts in Politics and Administrative Sciences from the Lebanese University. He is married to Wafaa Suleiman and has three children. His mother tongue is Arabic and he is also fluent in both French and English.^[5]

Military career

During his military service, he progressed from an infantry platoon leader to a Battalion Commander, and then assumed the position of a trainer in the Military Academy and in the non-commissioned officer School. From December 4, 1990 until August 24, 1991 he was appointed as the Chief of the Intelligence Branch of Mount Lebanon. The Lebanese Army Intelligence of Mount Lebanon was after the detention of hundreds of anti-Syrian demonstrators with some cases of reported torture. On August 25, 1991 he was reassigned to the post of the Army Staff Secretary-General until June 10, 1993. He was Commander of the 11th Infantry Brigade from June 6, 1993 to January 15, 1996, a period that witnessed violent confrontations with the Israeli forces in the West Beqaa Valley and South Lebanon regions. On January 15, 1996 he was appointed as Commander of the 6th Infantry Brigade and remained in this position until December 21, 1998, when he was appointed as the Commander of the Armed Forces.^[2]

On May 19, 2007, the Lebanese Army entered into a prolonged conflict with Fatah al-Islam, a terrorist organization based in the Nahr al-Bared Refugee Camp in northern Lebanon. The conflict lasted until September 2, 2007 and ended with the Lebanese Army taking complete control of the Camp and the complete defeat of Fatah al-Islam. 170 Lebanese soldiers, 226 members of Fatah al-Islam, and 64 civilians (mostly Palestinian refugees) were killed in the fighting. Due to a number of reasons, including balancing the interests of Lebanese citizens, concerns for the safety of Palestinian refugees, and respecting the delicate political balance that existed in Lebanon at the time, Suleiman was forced to proceed in the conflict with extreme caution and managed to do so successfully, backed by popular and political support for the LAF.^[6]

On May 7, 2008, an ongoing political crisis between government loyalists and the opposition quickly spiraled out of control when Hezbollah announced that the government's decisions to declare the group's private telecommunications network as illegal and to relieve the head of security at Beirut International Airport (an alleged Hezbollah sympathizer) of his duties amounted to a "declaration of war". Fighting immediately broke out throughout the country, with members of Hezbollah and its allies in the Amal Movement and the Syrian Social Nationalist Party quickly bearing down on their enemies in the Future Movement and the Progressive Socialist Party. The fighting lasted until May 14, 2008, when the Lebanese government canceled its two decisions after the proposition of Suleiman to do so. As the crisis ended, Suleiman was the subject of criticism by some commentators and politicians since the Army did not directly intervene in the armed clashes that took place but instead tried to separate between fighters and protected political figures. On the other hand, others defended his stance by arguing that the only way to preserve the Army's unity and prevent another civil war was to ensure that it remained uninvolved in the fighting against the Lebanese citizens.^[7]

Path to the Presidency

On November 23, 2007, the term of Emile Lahoud, the 11th President of Lebanon, came to an end. At the time, the Lebanese political spectrum was deeply polarized, with virtually all parties being divided either in the government loyalists (known as the March 14 camp), or the opposition (known as the March 8 camp). The two camps could not come to an agreement as to who should become the country's 12th president, and so, as a result of a provision in the country's Constitution, the powers of the Presidency transferred to the Government in the expectation that an agreement would be reached shortly afterwards.

Several names were advanced as potential candidates for the presidency, including Michel Aoun, Nassib Lahoud, Boutros Harb, amongst others, each of whom was affiliated either to the March 14 or March 8 camps. It soon became apparent however that only an independent candidate would be acceptable to both sides. Michel Suleiman was generally accepted as being the only possible candidate and as a unifying candidate. Most Lebanese commentators and policy makers agreed that Suleiman had successfully won the trust of both the government and opposition camp, and that of most countries in the Arab region, as well as most Western countries. However, his election could not take place until a number of fundamental disagreements between the March 14 and March 8 camps could be resolved, including the issue of whether a government of national unity should be formed, and what specific electoral law should be passed in preparation for the parliamentary elections that were to take place in 2009. These difficulties were eventually resolved during the negotiations that took place in Doha, Qatar from May 17 to May 20, 2008. The negotiations were attended by senior representatives from all of Lebanon's major political parties, and the agreement confirmed that Michel Suleiman would be the preferred candidate in the presidential election.^[8]

When the vote was finally held in Parliament on May 25, 2008, Suleiman was elected with a majority of 118 votes out of 127.^[9] He was indirectly elected by the Lebanese Parliament, which hadn't had a session, as a result of the ongoing political crisis in the country, for 18 months. The Parliament's session was attended by senior representatives from across Lebanon, the Arab region, the United Nations and the European Union, the United States, European states and many other countries. In his acceptance speech which was welcomed by all political figures across the country, the Arab region and the rest of the world, Suleiman spoke of "uniting and working towards a solid reconciliation of the country. We have paid dearly for our national unity. Let us preserve it hand-in-hand".^[10] He also made reference to the long-standing crisis between the country's two main political camps when he said that "the people have given us their confidence to fulfill their aspirations, not to afflict them with our petty political disputes".^[11]

Presidency

On May 28, 2008, President Suleiman reappointed Fouad Siniora as Prime Minister. Siniora was the parliamentary majority's candidate for the position, and Suleiman appointed him in accordance with the country's Constitution and with a majority of 68 MPs who named him.^[12]

Shortly after assuming the Presidency, Suleiman departed from tradition when he asked that posters bearing his likeness be removed from public display despite the fact that he thanked "citizens, institutions, municipalities and cultural organizations for the outpouring of support and affection".^[13]

The priorities of President Suleiman's presidential term were set out clearly, notably: national reconciliation; affirming Lebanon's active role as a message of dialogue and conviviality; protecting the country's independence, unity and territorial integrity; providing security and favorable conditions for economic and social growth; reinforcing constitutional institutions; fighting terrorism; implementing international resolutions related to Lebanon; opposing any form of settlement for Palestinian refugees on the Lebanese territories.

President Suleiman launched the table of national dialogue at the Presidential Palace in Baabda on September 16, 2008, in pursuance of the Doha Agreement's articles, and in view of consolidating National Reconciliation and Entente.

In parallel to local issues, he exchanged visits with heads of friendly countries, and took part in the work of regional and international organizations, especially the United Nations, in order to consecrate Lebanon's rights and defend its supreme interests.^[14]

On Mary McAleese's final overseas visit as President of Ireland, she met Suleiman at the Presidential Palace in Baabda.^{[15][16][17][18]}

Decorations, medals, awards and honors

• National Order of the Cedar, knight grade and grand cordon grade
• Lebanese Order of Merit, 3rd, 2nd and 1st grades
• Decoration of Military Pride, silver grade
• Medal of War
• Decoration of Military Valor, silver grade
• Decoration of the National Unity
• Decoration of the Dawn of the South
• Syrian Order of Merit, grade of excellence
• Certificate of Honor of the Arab Union
• Decoration of Arab Union for Military Sports, 2nd degree (commander)
• Medal from the President of the Ukrainian Republic
• Medal from the Defense Ministry of the Republic of Russian Federation in 2007
• Military Medal
• Internal Security forces’ Medal
• General Security Medal
• State security Medal
• Commemorative Medal of Conferences for the year 2002
• Citations of the Armed Forces Commander, 4 times - Felicitations of the Armed Forces Commander, 18 times - Felicitations of the Brigade Commander, once ^[2]

Military training courses

• A training course in Belgium from 7/1/1971 to 4/7/1971
• A training in Staff techniques in France from 9/2/1981 to 17/7/1981
• A Staff training at the Command and Staff College starting 6/6/1988 for 52 weeks
• An International Defense Management course in the United States of America from 22/6/1995 to 25/7/1995 ^[2]

Military achievements

• Fighting terrorism and extremism, notably through the following operations^[2]:
  • Discovering and fighting terrorist organizations in the high and barren mountains of North Lebanon in 2000, eliminating most of their members, dismantling their cells in all Lebanese regions and arresting their members.
  • Attacking the organization of Fatah al-Islam in the Nahr al-Bared refugee camp on May 20, 2007, in reaction to an armed robbery of a bank and two attacks on LAF posts nearby the camp.
• Separating anti-Syrian protests and pro-Syrian counter protests in 2005.
• Completing the Army redeployment operation all over the Lebanese territories following the withdrawal of the Syrian Armed Forces on April 26, 2005 in addition to the disturbances and security violations during the year 2007.
• Restructuring the Lebanese Army after the amendment of the military service law.^[2]
• Discovering an Israeli spying network in operation "Surprise at Dawn" on June 6, 2006.^[19]
• Confronting the Israeli Army and supporting the resistance until the liberation of the south in the year 2000.^[2]
• Offering a plan to end the 2006 Lebanon War, with a compromise solution for all parties. This plan included the planning and the preparation for the deployment of Lebanese Army in the south and on the land and sea crossover, this operation carried out accurately and faithfully and at the conclusion of the operation on the second of October, the Lebanese flag was hoisted on the hill of Labbouni adjacent to the southern border indicating the return of the Lebanese sovereignty to the south.^[2]

References

1. ^ Rulers.org - Lebanon
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Lebanese Army. "Michel Suleiman". Lebanese Army Official Website. http://www.lebarmy.gov.lb/english/Commander_12.asp. Retrieved 2008-04-17. 
3. ^ Al Jazeera English. "Suleiman becomes Lebanon president". Al Jazeera English. http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/AF6EC720-3BEE-46A1-96CF-7C8D74F4409B.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-26. 
4. ^ "Lebanon elects president after months of feuding". ASP. 2008-05-25. http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5hOnIwia0rucEbkZNHG8A6safDynw. Retrieved 2008-05-25. 
5. ^ "Lebanese Armed Forces, CSIS (Page 78)" (PDF). 2009-02-10. http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/090210_lafsecurity3.pdf. 
6. ^ BBC (September 2, 2007). "Lebanon PM welcomes end of siege". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6975020.stm. Retrieved 2008-05-28. 
7. ^ Hussein Darkoub, Associated Press Writer. "Neutrality fuels rise of Lebanon's new president". Yahoo News. http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20080525/ap_on_re_mi_ea/lebanon_president_2. Retrieved 2008-05-28. ^{[dead link]}
8. ^ Translated by NowLebanon Staff. "The Doha Agreement". NowLebanon.com. http://www.nowlebanon.com/NewsArticleDetails.aspx?ID=44023&MID=115&PID=2. Retrieved 2008-05-21. 
9. ^ Chinaview. "Lebanese parliament elects Suleiman as president". Chinaview. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-05/25/content_8252032.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-25. 
10. ^ AFP. "Lebanon's new president calls for unity". AFP. http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5j9DlyWFWFI6-DnEx-Ho_CZzbqdhg. Retrieved 2008-05-26. 
11. ^ Sam F. Ghattas, Associated Press Writer (May 26, 2008). "Lebanon elects head of state". London: The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/lebanon-elects-head-of-state-834384.html. Retrieved 2008-05-26. 
12. ^ AFP. "Lebanon president names Siniora as PM of unity cabinet". AFP. http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5io3UFy_ELvKDsShPP7veYHLDWIGg. Retrieved 2008-05-26. 
13. ^ Anthony Elghossain. "Suleiman calls for removal of posters bearing his likeness". The Daily Star (Lebanon). http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ_id=2&article_id=92654. Retrieved 2008-05-26. 
14. ^ Lebanese PResidency. "Michel Suleiman Biography". Lebanese Presidency Official Website. http://www.presidency.gov.lb/president/biography/resume/resume.htm. Retrieved 2008-11-21. ^{[dead link]}
15. ^ "McAleese to meet Irish troops in Lebanon on final official trip", thejournal.ie, 15 October 2011.
16. ^ "President revisits Lebanon on her final foreign trip in office", The Irish Times, 15 October 2011.
17. ^ "Mary McAleese concludes final overseas tour", RTÉ News, 16 October 2011.
18. ^ "Last official trip abroad for Mary McAleese", Irish Examiner, 11 October 2011.
19. ^ Jack Khoury (2006-06-12). "Report: Israeli spy network in Lebanon uncovered". http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=725940&contrassID=1&subContrassID=0&sbSubContrassID=0. Retrieved 2008-06-03. 

External links

• Official website of the Lebanese Presidency
• Official website of the Lebanese Army
• Appearances on C-SPAN
• Michel Suleiman collected news and commentary at Al Jazeera English
• Michel Suleiman collected news and commentary at The Jerusalem Post

Military offices
Preceded by Émile Lahoud	Commander of the Lebanese Armed Forces 1998–2008	Succeeded by Jean Kahwagi
Political offices
Preceded by Fouad Siniora Acting	President of Lebanon 2008–present	Incumbent

Persondata
Name	Suleiman, Michel
Alternative names
Short description	Lebanese politician
Date of birth	November 21, 1948
Place of birth	Amsheet, Lebanon
Date of death
Place of death