Brilliant Blue FCF

"Blue 1" redirects here. For the airline, see Blue1.

Not to be confused with Brilliant Blue G.

Brilliant Blue FCF
IUPAC name ethyl - [4 - [ [4 - [ethyl -[(3 - sulfophenyl) methyl] amino] phenyl] - (2 - sulfophenyl) methylidene] - 1 - cyclohexa - 2, 5 - dienylidene] - [(3 - sulfophenyl) methyl] azanium
Other names FD&C Blue No.1 Acid Blue 9 D&C Blue No. 4 Alzen Food Blue No. 1 Atracid Blue FG Erioglaucine Eriosky blue Patent Blue AR Xylene Blue VSG
Identifiers
CAS number	3844-45-9 Y
PubChem	19700
ChemSpider	18556 Y
UNII	H3R47K3TBD Y
Jmol-3D images	Image 1
SMILES [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)c1cccc(c1)CN(c2ccc(cc2)/C(=C\4/C=C\C(=[N+](\CC)Cc3cccc(c3)S([O-])(=O)=O)/C=C/4)c5ccccc5S([O-])(=O)=O)CC
InChI InChI=1S/C37H36N2O9S3.2Na/c1-3-38(25-27-9-7-11-33(23-27)49(40,41)42)31-19-15-29(16-20-31)37(35-13-5-6-14-36(35)51(46,47)48)30-17-21-32(22-18-30)39(4-2)26-28-10-8-12-34(24-28)50(43,44)45;;/h5-24H,3-4,25-26H2,1-2H3,(H2-,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48);;/q;2*+1/p-2 Y Key: SGHZXLIDFTYFHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L Y InChI=1/C37H36N2O9S3.2Na/c1-3-38(25-27-9-7-11-33(23-27)49(40,41)42)31-19-15-29(16-20-31)37(35-13-5-6-14-36(35)51(46,47)48)30-17-21-32(22-18-30)39(4-2)26-28-10-8-12-34(24-28)50(43,44)45;;/h5-24H,3-4,25-26H2,1-2H3,(H2-,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48);;/q;2*+1/p-2 Key: SGHZXLIDFTYFHQ-NUQVWONBAU
Properties
Molecular formula	C37H34N2Na2O9S3
Y Blue FCF (verify) (what is: Y/N?) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox references

Brilliant Blue FCF (Blue 1), also known under commercial names, is a colorant for foods and other substances to induce a color change.(It also is almost chemically identical to green 3, with only the difference of one oxygen atom.) It is denoted by E number E133 and has a color index of 42090. It has the appearance of a reddish-blue powder. It is soluble in water, and the solution has a maximum absorption at about 628 nanometer.

Chemistry

It is a synthetic dye produced using aromatic hydrocarbons from petroleum.^[1] It can be combined with tartrazine (E102) to produce various shades of green.

It is usually a disodium salt. The diammonium salt has CAS number [2650-18-2]. Calcium and potassium salts are also permitted. It can also appear as an aluminium lake. The chemical formation is C₃₇H₃₄N₂Na₂O₉S₃. The dye is poorly absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract and 95% of the ingested dye can be found in the feces. It also reacts with certain bile pigments to form green feces.^{[citation needed]}

Applications

As a blue color, Brilliant Blue FCF is often found in ice cream, canned processed peas, packet soups, bottled food colorings, icings, ice pops, blue raspberry flavored products, dairy products, sweets^[2] and drinks. It is also used in soaps, shampoos, mouthwash^[3] and other hygiene and cosmetics applications. In soil science, Brilliant Blue is applied in tracing studies to visualize infiltration and water distribution in the soil.

Health and safety

Brilliant Blue FCF has previously been banned in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Norway, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland among others^{[citation needed]} but has been certified as a safe food additive in the EU and is today legal in most of the countries. It has the capacity for inducing an allergic reaction in individuals with pre-existing moderate asthma.^[4] In the United States production exceeds 1 million pounds annually, and daily consumption is around 16 mg per person.^{[citation needed]} Extensive testing has lead the National Institutes of Health to conclude that color additives do not cause hyperactivity.^[5]

Biomedical research

Scientists who were investigating the use of compounds to lessen the severity of inflammation following spinal cord injury had previously tested a compound called OxATP to block a key ATP receptor in spinal neurons. However, OxATP has toxic side effects and must be injected directly into the spinal cord; in searching for alternatives they noted that Brilliant Blue FCF has a similar structure. This led them to test a related dye, Brilliant Blue G, also known as Coomassie Brilliant Blue in rats, which improved recovery from spinal cord injury.^[6]

References

1. ^ El Ali, Bassam M.; Bassam El Ali; Ali, Mohammad Farahat (2005). Handbook of industrial chemistry: organic chemicals. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-141037-6. 
2. ^ Nestle Aero packet ingredients listing barcode: 7613031579334
3. ^ "LISTERINE Antiseptic Mouthwash, SMART RINSE, WHITENING, ADVANCED, Fluoride Rinse, and Tartar Protection Products". Listerine.com. http://www.listerine.com/product-acb.jsp. Retrieved 2009-07-31. 
4. ^ J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.; VOL 64 ISS Jul 1979, P32-37, (REF 25)
5. ^ FDA/IFIC Brochure, Food Color Facts. Food and Drug Administration. January 1993. http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/colorfac.html. 
6. ^ Peng, Weiguo; Maria L. Cotrinaa, Xiaoning Hana, Hongmei Yua, Lane Bekara, Livnat Bluma, Takahiro Takanoa, Guo-Feng Tiana, Steven A. Goldmanb, and Maiken Nedergaard (July 28, 2009). "Systemic administration of an antagonist of the ATP-sensitive receptor P2X7 improves recovery after spinal cord injury". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106 (30): 12489–12493. doi:10.1073/pnas.0902531106. PMC 2718350. PMID 19666625. http://www.pnas.org/content/106/30/12489.full. Retrieved 1 April 2010. 

• W. H. Hansen; O. G. Fitzhugh, A. A. Nelson, K. J. Davis (1966). "Chronic toxicity of two food colors, Brilliant Blue FCF and Indigotine". Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 8 (1): 29–36. doi:10.1016/0041-008X(66)90097-4. PMID 5950860. 
• J. F. Borzelleca; K. Depukat, J. B. Hallagan (1990). "Lifetime toxicity/carcinogenicity studies of FD & C blue No. 1 (Brilliant blue FCF) in rats and mice". Food and Chemical Toxicology 28 (4): 221–235. doi:10.1016/0278-6915(90)90034-K. 
• J. P. Brown; A. Dorsky, F. E. Enderlin, R. L. Hale, V. A. Wright, T. M. Parkinson (1980). "Synthesis of ¹⁴C-labelled FD & C blue no. 1 (brilliant blue FCF) and its intestinal absorption and metabolic fate in rats". Food and Cosmetics Toxicology 18 (1): 1–5. doi:10.1016/0015-6264(80)90002-4. 

External links

• The Chemistry of Colors
• Some more details, other common names
• FDA Public Health Advisory on use in enteral feeding
• The Feingold Diet; Dubious Benefits, Subtle Risks