Kirkwood City Council shooting

Kirkwood City Council Shooting
Kirkwood City Hall
Location	Kirkwood, Missouri, United States
Date	Thursday, February 7, 2008 Shortly after 7:00 p.m. CST[1] (UTC-6)
Target	Kirkwood City Council
Attack type	Assassination, spree shooting
Weapon(s)	.44 Magnum revolver,.[2]40 caliber handgun[1]
Death(s)	7 (including the perpetrator)[1][3]
Injured	1[1]
Perpetrator	Charles Lee "Cookie" Thornton[1](born December 23, 1955)[4]

The Kirkwood City Council shooting occurred on February 7, 2008, in Kirkwood, Missouri, United States; a suburb of St. Louis, Missouri in St. Louis County. A gunman went on a shooting rampage at a public meeting in the city hall, leaving six people dead and two others injured. Charles Lee "Cookie" Thornton^[1] shot one police officer with a revolver across the side street from city hall and took the officer's handgun before entering city hall. Thornton reached council chambers with these two weapons shortly after the meeting began. There, he shot a police officer, the public works director, two council members, the mayor, and a reporter. In total, the gunman killed five and wounded two others. He was then shot and killed by police.^[1][5][6]

Background

The perpetrator, Charles Lee "Cookie" Thornton, 52, was a black man and lifelong resident of Meacham Park, a century-old, modest-sized, historically-black-super-majority neighborhood in an initially unincorporated part of St. Louis County, Missouri. In 1992, a ballot proposition appeared under which Kirkwood, an abutting, comparatively prosperous city with only a small percentage of African-American residents, would annex the low-income Meacham Park area. After spirited debate and campaigning, residents of both Meacham Park and Kirkwood approved the annexation. Upon annexation, the municipal codes of Kirkwood became the law for Meacham Park, which had previously lacked municipal codes due to its unincorporated status.^[7][8]

During the 1990s, Thornton was active in a number of civic and charitable organizations in Kirkwood. He ran for Kirkwood City Council in 1994, unsuccessfully.^[9]

Via eminent domain, part of the Meacham Park area was taken for a large commercial development in the late 1990s in a tax increment financing project. Thornton, who foresaw that his construction company would get contracts in this development, was a public proponent of it, in this respect opposing the views of some others in Meacham Park.

He sought and received some work for his construction company during this commercial development. Family members and friends have said that he became resentful over having gotten less than he felt he had been promised.^{[4][10][11][12][13]} In 1999, Thornton filed a complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission alleging racial discrimination in the awarding of contracts he had wanted.^[9] Marge Schramm, who was mayor at the time the contracts were bid, has said that contracts were awarded by the developers, not the city, and that the city had not promised contracts to Thornton.^[14] It has been reported that he had never actually bid on the contracts.^[4]

In 1996, Thornton had begun receiving citations from Kirkwood for violations of city codes. In June, 1998, he pleaded guilty to 6 violations; and agreed to a five-phase plan to bring his property and his paving business into conformance with city codes within two years.^[15]

But this plan was not fulfilled, and Thornton began to leave new tickets unpaid. By late 2001, Thornton had been cited many dozens more times by Kirkwood officials under municipal code enforcement actions for operating an unlicensed business from his home, in a (since the 1992 annexation) residentially-zoned incorporated area; illegal dumping; destruction of property; parking his construction company's equipment near his home as he had always done; and for numerous other municipal code violations. Kirkwood said in a state court memorandum in 2003 ^{[16] [17]} that by May 2002, multiple trials in city and county courts had concluded with Thornton pleading guilty to, or being found guilty of, more than 100 of 114 charges. Charges were dropped, or Thornton was found not guilty, on at least a dozen other charges. Thornton said later in federal court,^[18] and at Kirkwood city council meetings, that he had received more than 150 tickets. Courts ordered that he pay nearly twenty thousand dollars in fines and court costs.^[19] Links to files showing scanned copies of most of the citations have been placed on-line as part of an investigative story by a local television station.^[20][21]

Thornton filed for bankruptcy in December 1999.^[4][19] During the bankruptcy process, he was put on a plan to get out of debt: he would pay $4,425 a month for five years. But Thornton stopped making the payments within four months, and moved the portion of his business that had for a while occupied a rental property in a nearby commercially zoned area, back into his residentially zoned neighborhood.^[4]

Thornton never paid any of the fines from the Kirkwood code violation cases concluded in 2001 and 2002. Instead, he appeared regularly at city council meetings complaining of persecution, fraud and coverup by city officials. In 2003, he had signs on the side of his van, in which he vowed he would never again "accept lies from the city of Kirkwood".^[9]

Thornton also repeatedly sued the city and Kirkwood public works director Ken Yost in state court unsuccessfully during a period of several years in the early 2000s. From around 2004 onward Thornton, despite having no education, training or experience in the practice of law, acted as his own attorney. In 2005, the Missouri Court of Appeals opinion dismissing his suit against Kirkwood and Ken Yost for malicious prosecution and civil rights violations termed his brief "largely incomprehensible".^[22] After several years of the lawsuits, he declined an offer from the city to let his fines remain unpaid in exchange for dropping his last lawsuit against the city and no longer disrupting council meetings.^[4]

On May 13, 2002, Thornton was convicted of assault on Ken Yost, Kirkwood's public works director, who later became one of the murder victims.^[19]

He was also arrested and handcuffed at two city council meetings in 2006. The first occasion was May 18, 2006. Thornton was charged with disorderly conduct and was released.^[1][23] On June 1, 2006, the council considered resolutions to ban Thornton from attending or speaking at meetings. However, both were defeated; Kirkwood mayor Mike Swoboda stated then that, "We will act with integrity and continue to deal with him at these council proceedings. However we will not allow Mr. Thornton, or any other person, to disrupt these proceedings."^[24]

On June 24, 2007, Thornton was charged with misdemeanor assault after a struggle outside PJ's Restaurant in Kirkwood. Thornton had been picketing outside the restaurant and began stomping the owner until subdued by bystanders. The criminal case was pending.^[19] Carrying signs complaining about Kirkwood officials, Thornton often picketed in non-governmental but high-traffic locations in and near Kirkwood.

On January 18, 2007, Thornton sued the city in federal court for $350.^[16][25] On March 15, 2007, Thornton entered a motion with the court with the purpose of amending the January 18 suit in several ways, including adding a claim for $14 million in damages. On June 21, 2007, a federal judge denied the motion to amend the original federal lawsuit. Thereafter, only the remaining (original) suit, which sought but $350 in damages, was in contention.^[16] Yet as late as February 1, 2008, -- more than six months after the attempt to amend for an increased claim of damages had lost, and three days after the entire remaining suit had been dismissed—Thornton continued to tell friends of his hopes of winning millions from the suit.^[4]

A federal judge in St. Louis, Missouri ruled on January 28, 2008 on the lawsuit by Thornton in which he claimed his free speech rights were violated by Kirkwood officials preventing him from speaking at meetings. The judge dismissed his claims, citing his convictions for disorderly conduct at the 2006 meetings and concluding, "Because Thornton does not have a First Amendment right to engage in irrelevant debate and to voice repetitive, personal, virulent attacks against Kirkwood and its city officials during the comment portion of a city council public hearing, his claim fails as a matter of law."^[26][1] Included among documents from Thornton's federal lawsuit are court filings, evidence, judgments, etc. from several of the city, county and state court cases, both criminal and civil, in which Thornton had been a plaintiff or a defendant.^[16]

Witnesses, relatives, and acquaintances of Thornton reported that his motive for the shooting spree was anger about not receiving construction contracts he believed he was promised, his parking tickets, disputes with local government, and finally the dismissal of his federal lawsuit.^[5][27]

The shooting

Police responding to the Kirkwood City Council shooting

Shooting victims[1][5][28][29][30]

1. Tom Ballman, 37, police officer, killed

2. Kenneth Yost, 61, public works director, killed

3. Mike Swoboda, 69, mayor, orig. critical; later released from hospital, but died within seven months[31][3]

4. Michael H.T. Lynch, 63, council member, killed

5. Connie Karr, 51, council member, killed

6. Todd Smith, 36, reporter, released from hospital

7. William Biggs, 50, police officer, killed

Thornton parked his van on the side street near Kirkwood City Hall and saw Kirkwood Police Sgt. William Biggs, who was on duty but walking to pick up dinner nearby. In a parking lot across the side street from City Hall, Thornton confronted Biggs and shot him with a .44 Magnum revolver, killing him instantly. Before Thornton fired, Biggs had hit a distress signal on his radio to summon additional police officers.^[1][32][33]

Thornton took Biggs' .40 S&W handgun and went inside City Hall. There, in the city council chambers, The Pledge of Allegiance had just been recited and the mayor was starting the city council meeting with 30 people attending. Thornton then entered the room quietly from the back with both of his weapons concealed but soon got close to his intended victims. He first fatally shot Kirkwood Police Officer Tom Ballman in the head and continued shooting other victims at close range while reportedly repeating the phrase "Shoot the mayor!" He fatally shot council members Connie Karr and Michael H.T. Lynch, and Public Works Director Ken Yost. He shot Mayor Mike Swoboda twice in the head and left him for dead. Witnesses reported about 15 gunshots. Ignoring the four other council members, Thornton chased City Attorney John Hessel, who slowed Thornton by throwing chairs at him until escaping from the room.^[34][35]

All of this gunfire was audible at the Kirkwood police department building, located across a small parking lot from the rear entrance to city hall. Two Kirkwood police officers rushed to the council chambers. There, Thornton fired on them from behind a desk. The officers returned fire; Thornton, who still had rounds left, sustained two wounds and died on the spot.^[36][32][37]

In total, Thornton killed five and wounded two people during his shooting spree. Mayor Mike Swoboda was taken to St. John's Mercy Medical Center in critical condition.^[1][5][38] The mayor was shot in the lower jaw, with the bullet exiting from his cheek, and was also shot in the back of his head. He underwent surgery on February 7 and again on February 8, the latter surgery lasting three hours.^[39] Mayor Swoboda's condition was upgraded after a few days to "serious", and after two weeks to "satisfactory". Since then, he had begun eating soft food and talking. His family said that he had no memory of the shootings. He would need reconstructive surgery for his face; other long term health effects were unknown.^[29][30][31] On April 18, Swoboda returned to city hall to briefly address the last city council meeting before the expiration of his second and (due to term limits) final term as mayor.^[40] Swoboda died on the morning of September 6, 2008, in a hospice he had entered a week earlier.^[3] A reporter for the local Suburban Journals, Todd Smith, was also injured. He was shot in the hand and was released from the hospital within 24 hours.^[41]

Reaction

Firefighters laying bunting above the Kirkwood Police Department entrance as a memorial on February 8

On February 8, Deputy Mayor Timothy E. Griffin thanked the police for coming courageously to the aid of those in the council chambers, saying that "this is a tragedy of untold magnitude." Police Chief Jack Plummer added, "we will move past this."

Gerald Thornton, one of Charles Thornton's brothers, told CNN that his brother Charles thought his "constitutional protections" were violated and that his act was the only option. In other interviews he said that "my brother went to war tonight with the government," that he could not resolve his problems through communication, and that "this was not a random rampage." Gerald Thornton himself served 5 years in Missouri prison for fatally stabbing a man in 1996.^[1][5][42]

Charles Thornton left a one-line note on his bed, saying: "The truth will come out in the end" or "The truth will win out in the end." The note was considered to be a suicide note, indicating that Thornton may have intended to die in the shooting. One of Thornton's brothers, Arthur Thornton, said that his family was "truly, truly sorry" for the shootings.^[43][25] Stream added that the shooter had many problems with the city and for an unknown reason, "he just snapped."

The Meacham Park Neighborhood Association (MPNA) met the afternoon of February 8. In attendance were 100 people, including Thornton's mother, and a "procession of ministers" who spoke at the meeting.^[44] Many there spoke sympathetically of Thornton. Elder Harry Jones of Men and Women of Faith Ministries said "This is something that took place over time, and perhaps it could have been avoided. There always has been a great divide between Kirkwood and Meacham Park."^[44] Thornton's mother spoke last, saying "We've got to do things the Bible way. I'm sad that this happened."^[44] A blog entry that same day from a minister who used to live and work in Kirkwood provides some background about the relationship between Meacham Park and Kirkwood:^[45]

People who had lived in [Meacham Park] for generations were paid to move out so that Wal Mart could move in. [They] were made promises about how the money the city made from Wal Mart would be given to improve the living conditions in Meacham Park. When I met with the MPNA, there were residents who had been organizing and feeling frustrated for quite a while. They felt that the city officials were not following through on their promises and that the Meacham Park residents made a grave mistake in trusting the city officials....we were able to get our hands on some financial documents that flat out proved that the city promised money that they had not paid but there were legal loopholes that seemed insurmountable without a sea of money to devote to legal fees. When I stepped down from my work with Meacham Park, I knew that the frustrations were far from resolved.

The town of Kirkwood mourned on February 8, with flags at half-staff, and with prayer services and vigils being held throughout the day. A vigil was held across the street from city hall, with black fabric held over the entrance of it and a memorial of flowers, at 7 P.M. local time, about 24 hours after the shooting. Notes were left with the flowers, some addressing the deceased. Outside of the Kirkwood police department building various flowers and an American flag were laid in memoriam of the two officers killed during the shooting.^[5][46]

See also

• 2010 ABB plant shootings, a similar case involving a suspect in a neighboring community.
• Carl Drega, a similar earlier case
• Moscone-Milk Assassinations, a similar earlier case
• James E. Davis (councilman). Davis, a New York City councilman, was assassinated in city hall

References

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2. ^ "Handgun used by Thornton was taken in burglary in 1994". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 2008-02-29. http://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/news/stories.nsf/stlouiscitycounty/story/B70F820BD022244A862573FE00218DA1?OpenDocument. Retrieved 2008-02-29. 
3. ^ ^{a b c} "Former Kirkwood Mayor Mike Swoboda dies". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 2008-09-06. http://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/news/stories.nsf/stlouiscitycounty/story/FB655C8A51D2B402862574BC00544C98?OpenDocument. Retrieved 2008-09-06. 
4. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} "Charles Lee 'Cookie' Thornton: Behind the smile". St. Louis Post Dispatch. 2008-05-04. http://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/news/stories.nsf/stlouiscitycounty/story/36C4CADAD00008808625743E001B49F2?OpenDocument. Retrieved 2008-05-04. 
5. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Nizza, Mike; Baranauckas, Carla (2008-02-08). "Missouri Shooter's Motives Emerge". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/08/us/08cnd-missouri.html?hp. Retrieved 2008-02-08. 
6. ^ "Man opens fire at Mo. council meeting". United Press International. 2008-02-07. http://www.upi.com/NewsTrack/Top_News/2008/02/07/man_opens_fire_at_mo_council_meeting/9960/. Retrieved 2008-02-07. 
7. ^ "As city recovers, racial tension remains". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 2008-02-15. http://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/news/stories.nsf/stlouiscitycounty/story/034826DDFDEE8A43862573F000108140?OpenDocument. Retrieved 2008-02-20. 
8. ^ "Kirkwood's journey: Separating myths and realities about Meacham Park, Thornton, Part 2". St. Louis Beacon. 2010-02-07. http://www.stlbeacon.org/content/view/14583/487. Retrieved 2010-03-09. 
9. ^ ^{a b c} "He Couldn't Be Consoled". South County Times. 2008-02-15. http://www.southcountytimes.com/Articles-i-2008-02-15-74146.113117_He_Couldnt_Be_Consoled.html. Retrieved 2008-02-17. 
10. ^ "Retired Kirkwood High Principal Franklin McCallie Releases Statement About Shooting, Cookie Thornton". South County Times. 2008-02-08. http://www.southcountytimes.com/Articles-i-2008-02-08-73997.113117_Retired_Kirkwood_High_Principal_Franklin_McCallie_Releases_Statement_About_Shooting_Cookie_Thornton.html. Retrieved 2008-02-13. 
11. ^ "A Beacon Of Light". Webster-Kirkwood Times. 2007-09-07. http://www.websterkirkwoodtimes.com/Articles-i-2007-09-07-69665.113117_A_Beacon_Of_Light.html. Retrieved 2008-02-13. 
12. ^ "Shooter Had Long History With City Hall". AP. 2008-02-09. http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hdPGYUCzpKweou68LKo4_2EoMbpgD8UMGP500. Retrieved 2008-02-13. 
13. ^ "Residents: Strained race relations hint at gunman's motivation". KMOV TV. 2008-02-11. Archived from the original on 2008-02-12. http://web.archive.org/web/20080212224133/http://www.kmov.com/topstories/stories/kmov_localnews_080208_kirkwoodrace.a7f77a90.html. Retrieved 2008-02-19. 
14. ^ "Why Did Cookie Thornton Kill?". St. Louis Magazine. 2008-06-01. http://www.stlmag.com/media/St-Louis-Magazine/May-2008/Why-Did-Cookie-Thornton-Kill/. Retrieved 2009-03-26. 
15. ^ Connaghan, Will (2008-02-14). "Before the rampage: 'Cookie' Thornton spent years fighting losing". St. Louis Daily Record & St. Louis Countian. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4185/is_20080211/ai_n21306533. Retrieved 2008-02-27. 
16. ^ ^{a b c d} "Thornton v. City of Kirkwood, federal suit (entire folder)". Justia. 2008-01-28. http://news.justia.com/cases/featured/missouri/moedce/4:2007cv00079/84601/. Retrieved 2008-02-29. 
17. ^ "Thornton v. City of Kirkwood and Yost, Defendant's memorandum in support of their motion for summary judgment in the state court case (exhibit in federal suit)". Justia. 2003-11-03. http://docs.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/missouri/moedce/4:2007cv00079/84601/16/2.html. Retrieved 2008-03-01. 
18. ^ "Transcript of hearing for motion for temporary restraining order, Thornton v. City of Kirkwood, federal suit". Justia. 2007-05-08. http://docs.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/missouri/moedce/4:2007cv00079/84601/30/. Retrieved 2008-03-01. 
19. ^ ^{a b c d} "Charles Thornton: The legal battles". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 2008-02-09. http://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/news/stories.nsf/stlouiscitycounty/story/86D2B4B65CACF1DE862573EA0018F2D7?OpenDocument. Retrieved 2008-02-09. 
20. ^ "I-Team Obtains All Of Charles "Cookie" Thornton's Tickets". KSDK.com. 2008-02-29. http://www.ksdk.com/news/news_article.aspx?storyid=141207&provider=top. Retrieved 2008-03-01. ^{[dead link]}
21. ^ "Tragedy in Kirkwood: What drove Cookie Thornton to kill?". The St. Louis American. 2008-02-16. http://www.stlamerican.com/articles/2008/02/16/news/local_news/localnews01.txt. Retrieved 2009-03-26. 
22. ^ "Opinion/Charles Thornton v. City of Kirkwood and Ken Yost/Case Number ED84580". Missouri Court of Appeals Eastern District. 2005-04-s26. http://www.courts.mo.gov/Courts/PubOpinions.nsf/ccd96539c3fb13ce8625661f004bc7da/aebbfbd50f3e650286256fee00466224?OpenDocument. Retrieved 2008-02-19. ^{[dead link]}
23. ^ "Police Drag Resident from Council Meeting". Webster-Kirkwood Times. 2006-06-26. http://www.websterkirkwoodtimes.com/Articles-i-2006-05-26-66006.113117_Police_Drag_Resident_From_Council_Meeting.html. Retrieved 2008-02-10. 
24. ^ "Thornton Won't Be Banned From Meetings". Webster-Kirkwood Times. June 9, 2006. http://www.websterkirkwoodtimes.com/Articles-i-2006-06-09-65934.113117_Thornton_Wont_Be_Banned_From_Meetings.html. Retrieved 2008-02-08. 
25. ^ ^{a b} "A smile that gave in to anger". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 2008-02-09. http://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/news/stories.nsf/stlouiscitycounty/story/C3E610932E151EEF862573EA0018F2E6?OpenDocument. Retrieved 2008-02-09. 
26. ^ "Charles Lee "Cookie" Thornton opens fire in Kirkwood MO and kill 2 police officers". Saint Louis Missouri News. 2008-02-08. http://stlouismo.com/blogs/saint-louis-missouri-news/archive/2008/02/07/Charles-Lee-Cookie-Thornton-opens-fire-in-Kirkwood-MO-city-council-.aspx. Retrieved 2008-02-08. 
27. ^ "Before rampage, Missouri shooter had long history of disputes with City Hall". AP. 2008-02-09. Archived from the original on 2008-02-13. http://web.archive.org/web/20080213065429/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/M/MISSOURI_SHOOTING_OPTIONAL_MOOL-?SITE=MOSTP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT. Retrieved 2008-02-10. 
28. ^ "Kirkwood mourns after shooting deaths". KMOV.com. 2008-02-08. http://www.kmov.com/topstories/stories/kmov_localnews_080208_victims.a2301726.html. 
29. ^ ^{a b} Stephen Deere (2008-02-15). "Kirkwood's mayor continues to improve". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. http://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/news/stories.nsf/stlouiscitycounty/story/885D164A3D162578862573F00056E345?OpenDocument. Retrieved 2008-02-15. 
30. ^ ^{a b} "Mayor Swoboda's condition upgraded to satisfactory". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 2008-02-23. http://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/news/stories.nsf/stlouiscitycounty/story/A82421F0FDAA42D2862573F80077206E?OpenDocument. Retrieved 2008-02-27. 
31. ^ ^{a b} "Wounded Kirkwood mayor's progress called amazing". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 2008-02-27. http://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/news/stories.nsf/stlouiscitycounty/story/B11CA4C58F912B82862573FC001669FB?OpenDocument. Retrieved 2008-02-27. 
32. ^ ^{a b} "A Community Mourns". Webster-Kirkwood Times. 2008-02-15. http://www.websterkirkwoodtimes.com/Articles-i-2008-02-15-74098.113117_A_Community_Mourns.html. Retrieved 2008-02-27. 
33. ^ "Prosecutor releases report on Kirkwood city hall rampage". KMOV TV. 2008-08-08. http://www.kmov.com/justposted/stories/kmov_localnews_080808_kirkwood_shootings_report.295d8a81.html. Retrieved 2008-08-21. ^{[dead link]}
34. ^ "City attorney: "I had to fight for my life"". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 2008-02-09. http://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/news/stories.nsf/stlouiscitycounty/story/8C6CB0560D9190EA862573EA000EE041?OpenDocument. Retrieved 2008-02-13. 
35. ^ "Harris Hit The Floor When Shootings Began". South County Times. 2008-02-15. http://www.southcountytimes.com/Articles-i-2008-02-15-74145.113117_Harris_Hit_The_Floor_When_Shootings_Began.html. Retrieved 2008-02-17. 
36. ^ "6 dead in shooting rampage at Kirkwood City Council". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 2008-02-08. http://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/news/stories.nsf/stlouiscitycounty/story/DF9F175C2F225844862573E9001BDB9A?OpenDocument. Retrieved 2008-02-27. 
37. ^ "Two police bullets felled Thornton, autopsy finds". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 2008-02-14. http://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/news/stories.nsf/stlouiscitycounty/story/A8C34D0036D19A55862573EF00177945?OpenDocument. Retrieved 2008-02-29. 
38. ^ "Gunman in Kirkwood City Hall attack left a suicide note". KMOV.com. 2008-02-08. Archived from the original on 2008-02-09. http://web.archive.org/web/20080209142856/http://www.kmov.com/topstories/stories/kmov_localnews_080207_gunshots.9d9f3598.html. Retrieved 2008-02-08. 
39. ^ "Kirkwood Mayor Shot Twice, Has Second Surgery". KSDK.com. 2008-02-08. http://www.ksdk.com/news/news_article.aspx?storyid=139915. Retrieved 2008-02-08. ^{[dead link]}
40. ^ "Kirkwood mayor returns to job". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 2008-04-18. http://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/news/stories.nsf/stlouiscitycounty/story/3EF095DB21B2C5568625742F000419CF?OpenDocument. Retrieved 2008-04-18. 
41. ^ "Reporter describes being shot by gunman". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 2008-02-09. http://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/news/stories.nsf/stlouiscitycounty/story/E4EA41DC5B581C93862573EA000EE086?OpenDocument. Retrieved 2008-02-27. 
42. ^ "Shooting reactions reveal racial divide". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 2008-02-09. http://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/news/stories.nsf/stlouiscitycounty/story/F26DDAED0921F0D3862573EA0015F4DC?OpenDocument. Retrieved 2008-02-09. 
43. ^ "Gunman left note with a warning". The Washington Post. 2008-02-08. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/08/AR2008020803608.html. Retrieved 2008-02-29. 
44. ^ ^{a b c} "Meacham Park meeting discusses race". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 2008-02-08. http://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/news/stories.nsf/stlouiscitycounty/story/8380C681535586C1862573E9007D68AC?OpenDocument. Retrieved 2008-03-23. 
45. ^ Meacham Park, a February 8, 2008 blog entry by Rev. Susan Maginn, minister of Wy'east Unitarian Universalist Congregation
46. ^ "Missouri suburb shaken by gunman's rampage". Los Angeles Times. 2008-02-08. Archived from the original on 2008-02-10. http://web.archive.org/web/20080210081744/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-everett9feb09,1,609718.story. Retrieved 2008-02-09.