Evolution of the British Empire

This is a list of the various territories that have been under the political control of the United Kingdom and/or its predecessor states [The United Kingdom of Great Britain was formed in 1707 by the union of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland;In 1801 the Kingdom of Ireland joined this Union to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland; In 1922 most of Ireland gained independence and in 1927 the formal name of the Union was changed to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to reflect this.] . Collectively, these territories are traditionally referred to as the British Empire. From 1876 to 1947 the monarch of the United Kingdom was formally known as Emperor/Empress of India.

The natures of the administration of the Empire changed both by time and place, but its various territories as they existed in the 1920s (the time of its greatest territorial extent) can be fairly easily grouped into the following categories:
*The United Kingdom itself, made up of England and Wales, Scotland, and Ireland (Northern Ireland only from 1922 onwards).
*The "crown dependencies" of the Isle of Man, Jersey, and Guernsey (the last two are collectively referred to as the "Channel Islands"). These islands, while often considered to be part of the British Isles, have never formed part of the United Kingdom itself, or its predecessor states. At the same time, they have never been considered to be colonies; while the British Government is generally responsible for their defence and foreign relations, each of the territories has its own laws and political institutions. Strictly speaking their relationship is with the British Sovereign alone, rather than the British Government.
*Colonies were territories that were intended to be a place of permanent settlement, providing land for their settlers. The Crown claimed absolute sovereignty over them, although they were not formally part of the United Kingdom itself. Generally their law was the common law of England together with whatever British Acts of Parliament were also applied to them. Royal authority would usually be represented in the person of a Governor, appointed by the British Government. Over time, a number of colonies were granted "responsible government", making them largely self-governing. Colonies were typically of one of the following types:
**A number of colonies in the 16th and 17th centuries were granted to a particular individual; these are known as proprietary colonies.
**In a similar fashion, a number of colonies were controlled by companies. The most notable examples of this were the possessions of the East India Company (especially India), and of various companies in Africa in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
**Colonies controlled by the Crown directly were known as "crown colonies"; this became the main method of creating and governing a colony.
*Protected states were foreign territories that were nominally governed by a local ruler who had entered into a treaty relationship with the British Government that excluded them from dealing directly with other foreign powers, and which gave the British a right of involvement in their territory's internal affairs. British interest in these territories was mainly strategic.
*Protectorates were similar to protected states in that they were considered to be foreign territories over which the British Government had political authority (but not sovereignty), but which lacked a local infrastructure that the British were prepared to deal with as equals; therefore, a more direct involvement in the territory's internal affairs was taken. Protectorates were often established as a means of controlling British subjects in a territory (rather than the native population), or to exclude the influence of a rival European power.

In the early part of the twentieth century a further category had also begun to emerge: the dominions. These were former colonies (or federations of colonies) that had achieved independence and were starting to feel as co-equals with the United Kingdom, rather than subordinate to it. Formal acknowledgement of this status was finally given legal force by the Statute of Westminster of 1931.

Finally, the peace treaties signed at the end of the First World War resulted in a number of German colonies and protectorates being held as "mandated territories" by the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and the Union of South Africa, (amongst others). In theory these territories were governed on behalf of the League of Nations for the benefit of their inhabitants. Most became converted to United Nations Trust Territories in 1946.

Remaining territories

Within twenty years of the independence in 1947 of India (considered to be the most important colonial possession), most of the Empire's territories had achieved full independence. Today only a handful of colonies (since 2002 known as "British Overseas Territories") remain under British rule; most are small islands with a low level of population. A number are in quite remote areas of the world. Generally speaking all are internally self-governing, with the United Kingdom retaining responsibility for defence and foreign relations.

The fourteen BOTs are:
*Anguilla
*Bermuda
*British Antarctic Territory
*British Indian Ocean Territory
*British Virgin Islands
*Cayman Islands
*Falkland Islands
*Gibraltar
*Montserrat
*Pitcairn Islands
*St. Helena
*South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands
*Turks and Caicos Islands
*Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia

The term "British Empire" is no longer used to describe these territories.

Commonwealth of Nations

Most former territories of the British Empire are members of the Commonwealth of Nations. Although Queen Elizabeth II is the Head of the Commonwealth, this is purely a symbolic title held in a personal capacity. However, she does remain as the Head of State of sixteen different Commonwealth countries (including the United Kingdom itself) all of which have retained the UK Crown as Head of State. This constitutional arrangement represents neither an actual nor a theoretical continuation of UK sovereignty over any of the other Realms.

Ireland

Following the eighteen-month Irish War of Independence fought between Irish nationalists and the British authorities in 1919–1921, most of Ireland became established as a separate British dominion called the Irish Free State. Ending a process that had begun in the mid-1930s, the final constitutional ties were broken in 1949, when Éire became a republic. The north-eastern part of the island of Ireland still remains part of the United Kingdom to this day.

Prior to Ireland's merger into the United Kingdom in 1801, its relationship with Great Britain could be described as something of a hybrid of a colony and a crown dependency.

Hanover

From 1714 to 1837 the British throne was held by a series of kings who were also electors (later kings) of Hanover, a town in northern Germany. However, this was purely a personal union, with Hanover maintaining its political independence otherwise, and so it's not considered to have formed part of the British Empire.

List

Legend

North America

(north of Mexico)

=Antarctic Region=

(territories south of 60°00')

Europe

Treaties and Acts of Parliament, etc.

This is a listing of the more important treaties, Acts of Parliament, and other legal instruments and events affecting the nature and territorial extent of the British Empire.

ee also

*British Empire
*Commonwealth of Nations
*Commonwealth Realms
*Imperialism
*Colonialism
*Decolonisation
*Westminster System
*Common law
*Pound (currency)
*List of Treaties

References

External links

* [http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1013618138315 UK Overseas Territories]
* [http://www.thecommonwealth.org/ The Commonwealth]
* [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/COLONIES.html#British World Statesmen]
* [http://www.casahistoria.net/imperialism.htm Imperialism] - History links for 19th & 20th century imperialism, casahistoria.net