- 1967 Newark riots
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The 1967 Newark riots were a major civil disturbance that occurred in the city of Newark, New Jersey between July 12 and July 17, 1967. The six days of rioting, looting, and destruction left 26 dead and hundreds injured.
Contents
Social unrest
In the period leading up to the riots, several factors led local African-American residents to feel powerless and disenfranchised. In particular, many felt they had been largely excluded from meaningful political representation and often suffered police brutality.[1] Furthermore, unemployment, poverty, and concerns about low-quality housing contributed to the tinder-box.
According to a Rutgers University study on the riot, many African-Americans, especially younger community leaders, felt they had remained largely disenfranchised in Newark despite the fact that Newark became one of the first majority black major cities in America alongside Washington, D.C. In sum, the city was entering a turbulent period of incipient change in political power. A former seven-term congressman representing New Jersey's 11th congressional district, Mayor Hugh Addonizio (who was also the last non-black mayor of Newark) was charged with failing to incorporate blacks in various civil leadership positions and to help blacks get better employment opportunities. Black leaders argued that the Newark Police Department was dominated by white officers who would routinely stop and question black youths with or without provocation.[2]
Despite being one of the first cities in the U.S. to hire African American police officers, the department's demographics remained at odds with the city's population, leading to poor relations between blacks and the police department. Only 145 of the 1322 police officers were black (11%)[3] while the city remained over 50% black.
Sparking event
This unrest came to a head when two white Newark policemen, John DeSimone and Vito Pontrelli, arrested a black cabdriver, John Weerd Smith, for improperly passing them on 15th Avenue.[4] Smith was taken to the 4th Police Precinct, which was across the street from Hayes Homes, a large public housing project. Residents of Hayes Homes saw a handcuffed Smith being dragged into the precinct, and a rumor was started that he had been killed while in police custody. Smith, in fact, had been moved to a local hospital, treated and released.
This set off six days of riots, looting, violence, and destruction — ultimately leaving 26 people dead, 725 people injured, and close to 1,500 arrested. Property damage exceeded $10 million.
In an effort to contain the riots, every evening at 6 p.m. the Bridge Street and Jackson Street Bridges, both of which span the Passaic River between Newark and Harrison, were closed until the next morning.
The 1967 Plainfield riots occurred during the same period in Plainfield, New Jersey, a city about 18 miles southwest of Newark.
The long- and short-term causes of the riots are examined in the documentary film Revolution '67. The riots were depicted in the Philip Roth novel American Pastoral.
Impact
While the riots are often cited as a major factor in the decline of Newark and its neighboring communities, the actual factors include decades of racial, economic, and political forces which generated inner city poverty; factors that sparked “race riots” across America in the 1960s.[5] By the 1960s and '70s, as industry fled the city, so did the white middle class, leaving behind a poor population.[5] During this same time, the population of many suburban communities in northern New Jersey expanded rapidly.[5]
As of 2000, the Newark Police Department is 37% black, 27% Hispanic and 36% white[6] though the city remains 53% black, 30% Hispanic, and 17% white.
See also
External Reading
No Cause For Indictment: An Autopsy of Newark by Ron Porambo
References
- ^ Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, Bantam Books, New York, 1968, pg. 57, which states that 7 of the 9 members of the elected City Council and a majority of the Board of Education were white, although the president was black. The city had an estimated 52% black population at the time, although a majority were too young to vote. The report in the same section refers to the strains that had occurred in the long-standing Italian-African American political alliance over the issues of government positions, economic development and police brutality. Ibid.
- ^ Max A. Herman, ed. The Detroit and Newark "Riots" of 1967. Rutgers-Newark Department of Sociology and Anthropology.
- ^ Dr. Max Herman. [1] Ethnic Succession and Urban Unrest in Newark and Detroit During the Summer of 1967.
- ^ "Crossroads Pt. 2: 5 days that changed a city". Archived from the original on 2009-05-14. http://blog.nj.com/ledgernewark/2007/07/crossroads_pt_2.html. Retrieved 2009-05-12.
- ^ a b c Mumford, Kevin (2007). Newark: A History of Race, Rights, and Riots in America. NYU Press. ISBN 0-8147-5717-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=cJUAHEX_sEIC&lpg=PP1&dq=Newark%3A%20A%20History%20of%20Race%2C%20Rights%2C%20and%20Riots%20in%20America&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics, 2000: Data for Individual State and Local Agencies with 100 or More Officers
External links
Categories:- 1967 in New Jersey
- History of Newark, New Jersey
- 1967 riots
- Crime in New Jersey
- African American riots in the United States
- Urban decay in the United States
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