USCGC Seneca (1908)

USCGC "Seneca" (1908) had an interesting and varied history. Fighting submarines in World War I, making the International Ice Patrol, capturing rum runners in the Prohibition era, saving lives from Greenland to Puerto Rico, from Gibraltar to the Gulf of Mexico, participating in colorful ceremonies and sporting events--these are all a part of the "Seneca" 's story.

Named for the Senecas, a Native American tribe of Iroquoian Indians of western New York, the ship was christened by Miss Edith E. Hepburn and launched 18 March 1908. The builders, Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company of Newport News, Virginia, received a contract price of $244,500. She was designed as a "derelict destroyer," her principal mission being to locate and then destroy abandoned wrecks that were still afloat and were a menace to navigation. She was designed with excellent seakeeping qualities, a long cruising range, good towing capabilities, and by necessity the capacity to store a large amount of munitions.

Prewar service

"Seneca" was accepted by the Government on 26 June 1908 and was commissioned by the Revenue Cutter Service at Arundel Cove, Maryland, on 6 November of that year. On 8 November 1908 she proceeded to Tompkinsville, New York, to take station as a derelict destroyer for the Atlantic coast. Her cruising district included the Atlantic Ocean to the eastward of the United States bounded by a line from Portland, Maine, to Sable Island, Nova Scotia, thence to the Bermuda Islands, and then to Charleston, South Carolina.

On 29 November she destroyed her first derelict, a wreck off Hog Island, and then returned to Tompkinsville. In February 1909 the cutter visited Washington, D.C. and in June visited Philadelphia. On 21 September she was in New York for the Fulton-Hudson celebration. On 17 May 1910 "Seneca" visited West Point, and on 28 June she patrolled the Harvard-Yale Regatta at New London, Connecticut. In June 1911, she escorted the presidential yacht USS "Mayflower", which had President William Taft and his party on board, from Manhattan Beach to Fall River.

On 23 May 1912, she was at Philadelphia representing the Revenue Cutter Service at the Convention of Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses. On 29 June she patrolled the course of the Intercollegiate Rowing Association at Poughkeepsie, New York. During 4-6 September "Seneca" was at New London for the Fifth Convention of Atlantic Deeper Waterways Association. From 12-15 October, she patrolled the Navy Mobilization at New York City. On 2 September she patrolled the British International Trophy races at Huntington, Long Island. During the winter of 1912-1913 she took the place of USRC "Mohawk" on winter cruising.

First International Ice Patrol

On 29 March 1913, "Seneca" was assigned to the International Ice Patrol. The "Titanic" disaster of 14 April 1912 had resulted in the loss of 1,517 lives and a universal demand for a patrol of the ice zone had arisen. Two U.S. Navy scout cruisers, USS|Chester|CL-1|2 and USS|Birmingham|CL-2|2, had performed this patrol for the remainder of the 1912 ice season, after which the duty was turned over to the Revenue Cutter Service. "Seneca" and "Miami" were the first two cutters to perform this duty in 1913. They made these patrols out of Halifax, Nova Scotia.

Rescue of "Columbia" survivors

On 16 September 1913 she towed the "Lottie Russell", a derelict, into Halifax. On 12 April 1914, while on ice patrol, "Seneca" rescued four survivors from a lifeboat which had been drifting in the North Atlantic for ten days. Originally 14 survivors of the British freighter "Columbian" had put to sea in this boat, but ten had died of hunger, thirst, and exposure. On 5 July 1914 she proceeded to Labrador to observe and investigate conditions governing the origins of the ice flows.

On 10 August 1914 she was ordered to cooperate with the USS "Florida" in the enforcement of the neutrality of the United States after the outbreak of war on the European continent. In the winter of 1914-1915 she was again on winter cruising from Gay Head to the Delaware breakwater.

Transfer to the newly-formed US Coast Guard

After winter cruising, she conducted another ice patrol only this time as a Coast Guard cutter as the Revenue Cutter Service had merged with the Life-Saving Service in January, 1915 to create the Coast Guard. She again conducted a winter cruise in the winter of 1915-1916 and then an ice patrol in the spring of 1916. On 13-14 September 1916 the crew participated in the Marine Parade at Philadelphia. The winter of 1916-1917 was her last winter cruise before the war.

World War I

The United States declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917 and "Seneca" and her crew, along with the rest of the Coast Guard, were transferred to the Navy Department. A battery of four convert|3|in|mm|sing=on guns were installed at the Navy Yard in Brooklyn. The cutter was assigned to the Atlantic Patrol Fleet, Squadron Four, with headquarters at Key West, Florida. She arrived there on 22 May, and was assigned the duty to search the waters of Cuba and the Bahama Islands for enemy submarines.

Refit

She was then selected for duty overseas. "Seneca" was overhauled and refitted at the Morse Shipyard in New York. Captain J. H. Brown was detached and Captain William J. Wheeler assumed command before the ship left the United States in the latter part of August.

Gibraltar convoy escort

She arrived at Gibraltar on 4 September 1917 and was assigned to Squadron Two of the patrol forces there. She began escorting convoys from Gibraltar to Tangiers and other nearby points. She escorted six of these convoys and sighted one enemy submarine on 2 October. On 19 October she got her first convoy to England, being the lone escort of eleven merchant ships to Pembroke, Wales, where she arrived on 29 October. During this convoy two of the merchant vessels collided, and one, "Usher", was sunk. On 3 November she escorted 14 ships back to Gibraltar, arriving the 11th. On 26 November 26 a submarine was sighted in the moonlight about convert|2000|yd distant. "Seneca" fired two shots, forcing the submarine to submerge.

On 17 February 1918, lookouts sighted another submarine at convert|500|yd astern. "Seneca" fired one shot, but owing to the darkness of the night, was unable to determine the results. On 4 March, one of the ships in "Seneca" 's convoy was torpedoed and sunk, but the submarine was not sighted. On the 22nd, new and improved depth charge releasing gear was installed on the cutter.

Rescue of "Cowslip" survivors

Early in the morning of 25 March the men on "Seneca" heard a loud explosion within their convoy, and shortly afterwards saw distress rockets in the air. They found the British ship "Cowslip" had been torpedoed and was sinking. Immediately a boat was put over with Third Lieutenant F. W. Brown in charge. They soon returned with 15 of "Cowslip"'s men, along with one of "Cowslip"'s boats with 19 others. Boatswain P. W. Patterson and a fresh boat crew took "Cowslip"'s boat back, while Lieutenant Brown returned with "Seneca"'s boat. Patterson's boat took 20 survivors on board and towed seven others in a small dinghy. Brown's boat rescued the last 19 on board the sinking vessel. Only five officers and one enlisted man were lost, and they had been killed in the explosion.

This rescue was beyond the call of "Seneca"'s duty. The escort vessels were to attack enemy submarines, but it was understood that when a ship was torpedoed the escorts were not expected to expose themselves to a similar fate by stopping to rescue the survivors. However, Captain Wheeler was commended for taking what was considered a "justifiable risk".fact|date=January 2008

Torpedo near misses

On 29 April 1918 "Seneca" chased a submarine away from her convoy, but in doing so had two torpedoes cross fifty feet ahead of her bow. On 19 May "Seneca" joined up with what would be her 20th convoy at Falmouth, England. On the 20th she dropped a depth charge over a suspicious oil spot, whereupon a very heavy oil slick came to the surface. On her next convoy "Seneca" sighted a submarine on 8 June. After firing a torpedo at the cutter that passed close the "Seneca"'s bow, the submarine submerged. "Seneca" attacked with depth charges and may have sunk the submarine, but they could not remain in the area to investigate further.

Rescue of "Queen" survivors

On 25 June, while escorting 29 merchant ships to Gibraltar, "Seneca"'s men heard a terrific explosion, and observing the steamer "Queen" sinking, they drove "Seneca" at full speed to the rescue. So badly was the "Queen" hit that within five minutes of the explosion she was completely out of sight under the water, taking 25 of her men with her, including the commodore of the convoy. Twenty-seven survivors were clinging to the small boats and pieces of floating wreckage. "Seneca"'s No. 1 lifeboat with Third Lieutenant F. W. Brown in charge, was lowered to pick them up. All 27 were safely on board "Seneca" within 40 minutes. For the remainder of the convoy's run, Captain Wheeler assumed command.

On 10 July, while "Seneca" was at Gibraltar, a loud explosion was seen on board the Portuguese steamer Peniche. "Seneca" sent her whale boat and sailing launch with full crews to assist. Coxswain J. A. Pedersen and Seaman M. Stellenwerf were overcome by gas fumes but later recovered.

ubmarine false alarm

On her next convoy, the 23rd, she was escorting 25 ships to England when on 13 July one of the ships in the convoy sounded the submarine warning and hoisted a signal reading "submarine to starboard." "Seneca" immediately stood in that direction, dropping two depth charges on the flank of the convoy as a precautionary measure, and stood full speed in the direction of the submarine some convert|5000|yd off. "Seneca" then began firing, and expended 28 rounds. Upon closer approach the submarine proved to be a dead whale, floating on its side and bearing a striking resemblance to the conning tower of a submarine. Four holes in the carcass testified to the accuracy of the "Seneca"'s guns.

Drama of the "Wellington"

The next convoy was escorted safely back to Gibraltar, arriving 15 August and the following one back to England arrived 2 September. Convoy OM-99 consisted of 21 ships bound for Gibraltar. This was the 26th convoy for the men of "Seneca". For eleven of them it was the last. On 16 September at 11:30 hours the steamship "Wellington", a ship in convoy OM-99, was torpedoed. "Seneca" proceeded at full speed to her assistance. At 11:31 a submarine was sighted a few hundred yards from "Wellington". "Seneca"'s crew fired three shots at the submarine before it submerged. Depth charges were dropped and additional shots fired to keep it from resurfacing.

Attempted rescue of "Wellington"

"Wellington" was in bad condition, having been torpedoed in the fore peak. Her master believed she would stay afloat, but all but eleven of his men refused to remain on board. First Lieutenant F. W. Brown at once volunteered to assist "Wellington" 's master, and almost the entire crew of "Seneca" wanted to go with him. Nineteen of these "Seneca" volunteers were selected to go with Lieutenant Brown to the "Wellington", while 11 of the 42 men in "Wellington" 's crew also remained with the master. Lieutenant Brown was to be in charge of the ship, but the master was to navigate her into the nearest port which was Brest, France.

At 12:35 "Seneca" left "Wellington" and rejoined the convoy. USS "Warrington" was on her way to assist "Wellington", expecting to reach her by 17:00. Arriving on board "Wellington", Lieutenant Brown posted lookouts, broke out ammunition and started drilling a gun crew, for they were still in sub-infested waters, and on a stricken ship carrying valuable cargo to the allies. Repairs were made below decks and by 12:50 hours the ship began to move ahead. By 14:10 the speed was increased until they were making 7½ knots. The ship was taking water in the number 2 hold, but by driving the pumps, the crew held it to a level of 3½ feet. At 18:46 the ship was down by the head, and although Lieutenant Brown was able to stop her and bring her head back up long enough to regain his course, her head went down again and her engines were helpless.

Attempt to abandon ship

A storm had come up and the seas had grown very heavy, with waves crashing over the bow. There was only one lifeboat on "Wellington" and Lieutenant Brown mustered all the men abreast of this except for the radio operator and three men on the pumps. It was his intention to remain with these four until all hope of saving the ship was gone, the other men meanwhile standing by in the lifeboat. One "Seneca" man and seven "Wellington" men were lowered with the boat, the others to slide down the falls into the boat as soon as it reached the water. Fearful lest the boat be smashed against the ship by the heavy seas, one of "Wellington"'s men chopped the painter and the lifeboat with its eight men drifted away rapidly. They tried to row back, but inexperienced in a pulling boat, they were no match for the heavy seas and strong current.

"Wellington" sinks

Lieutenant Brown was left stranded with 18 of his men and five of the "Wellington" men. He set the men to constructing liferafts. The bow continued settling. The radio operator was in contact with the "Warrington" and continued sending position reports. Rockets were fired from "Wellington", and at 14:30 on the 17th answering rockets from the "Warrington" were seen off the port bow. The "Wellington" listed rapidly and Lieutenant Brown gave the order to leave the ship. He continued signaling with a hand flashlight to the Warrington about convert|1200|yd away as the ship's keel turned to a sixty degree angle. Then her boilers exploded and the vessel rose up for her final plunge. Lieutenant Brown jumped and swam clear, searching about for something to which he could cling.

Desperate circumstances

Responding to cries for help he swam about, and finding men clinging to planks advised them to keep their mouths closed to keep out the sea water. Next he swam to some calcium lights and extinguished them so they would not lure his men away from their planks. After about three and a half hours in the water Brown was picked up in an unconscious state. From his long exposure he developed pneumonia. Eight others of "Seneca"'s crew were picked up from the water, but one died shortly afterwards. In all, 11 "Seneca" and five "Wellington" men perished.

Among the eight other "Seneca" men picked up was a seaman, James C. Osborn, who, supporting a shipmate, Coxswain Jorge A. Pedersen, had swum to a small liferaft with the semiconscious man and held him between his feet. Several times in the hours that followed they were washed off, but each time Osborn recovered his shipmate and hoisted him back on the pitching raft. Finally sighting the "Warrington", Osborn semaphored "I'm all right but he's gone unless you come right away." Both were recovered.

Crew citations

The following awards were made: To Acting Machinist William L. Boyce, posthumously: the Distinguished Service Medal and citation. To the following deceased members of the crew, posthumously, the Navy Cross and citation: Water Tender William H. Best; Cook Russell Elan; Gunner's Mate Second Class P. L. Marvelle (USN); Boy First Class James J. Nevins; Coxswain Merton Stellenwarf; Water Tender R. H. Tingard, and Assistant Master at Arms Andrew Zuleger, Coxswain Carl S. Newbury; Water Tender M. M. Ovesen; and Seaman William H. Prime.

The remaining living members of the rescue party were awarded the Navy Cross and citation: First Lieutenant F. W. Brown; Oiler Second Class George W. Christy; Seaman Raymond J. Gorman; Assistant Master at Arms D. E. Grimshaw; Electrician Second Class M. C. Mason; Seaman Anthony Orhelein; Coxswain James C. Osborn; Coxswain Jorge A. Pedersen; and Machinist First Class M. J. Ryan.

Rear Admiral Grant, senior British naval officer at Gibraltar, had this to say of the volunteers: "Lieutenant Brown and the gallant volunteers set an example worthy of the highest traditions of any Service or any Nation."

After the "Wellington" episode the "Seneca" escorted four other convoys, several times encountering submarines.

Wartime service summary

She was at Gibraltar on 11 November 1918 when the Armistice was signed, ending World War I. "Seneca"'s wartime service included escorting thirty convoys consisting of about 580 ships. Only four were lost, and from them 139 survivors were rescued. Twenty-one responses to submarines were made and only one of these proved to be false--the "dead whale" episode. The cutter had four close calls with torpedoes, and was believed to have sunk one submarine.

Postwar service

After the war "Seneca" remained at Gibraltar for several months, then returning to the United States via Algeria, France, and England. Several vessels in distress were assisted during this period. When "Seneca" was returned to the Treasury Department on 28 August 1919, she resumed her station at Tompkinsville. In the spring of 1920 she was back on ice patrol. On 14 July she patrolled the International Yacht Race at Sandy Hook, New Jersey. Again in 1921 and 1922 she was on ice patrol.

Run aground and refitted

On 31 July 1922 she got a new set of guns at the Washington Navy Yard. On 5 August she ran aground in the Potomac River, off Mathias Point, but suffered no serious casualty. After her ice patrol in the spring of 1923, she patrolled the Harvard-Yale regatta at New London on 21 June. In July she was overhauled in Brooklyn and repainted at Annapolis.

eizure of rum rummer

On 15 November 1923 the Commandant ordered the Coast Guard to seize the vessel "Tamoka" (ex-"Areteusa") and arrest her crew. This vessel belonged to William S. McCoy, notorious rum-runner, and had been hovering along the coast between Nassau and Canadian ports, peddling liquor. On 22 August she had fired upon a boat from Manhattan, attempting to board her.

At 1030 hours on the morning of 24 November "Seneca" hailed "Tomoka" in latitude 40° 21.6' North, longitude 73° 49.7' West and ordered her to heave to and be prepared to be boarded and examined. A surfboat with an armed boarding party in charge of Lieutenant L. W. Perkins was sent to go on board and take charge of the vessel. At first "Tomoka" broke out the British flag and cruised about so that the boarding party would not overtake her. "Seneca" called her gun crews to quarters, cast loose the number one gun, and then ordered "Tomoka" to permit the boat to board. The master then complied. At 12:00 the boarding officer reported that he was all right and requested the "Seneca" to go ahead and he would follow with "Tomoka". "Seneca" shaped a course for the Ambrose Channel lightship, but by 12:30 "Tomoka" had still not started to follow. Heading back for the rum-runner "Seneca" was met by her boarding party, which had been chased off "Tomoka" with a machinegun.

"Seneca" opens fire

"Seneca" then instructed "Tomoka" that she would be sunk by gunfire unless she proceeded toward New York. The rum-runner started in that direction, but then suddenly started its engine, hoisted the fore staysail and stood rapidly to eastward. "Seneca" gave chase and opened fire. The first shot was fired across the bow of the fleeing schooner, then the range was gradually decreased. After three warning shots, a fourth shot was fired to hit. The shell landed alongside a few feet from "Tomoka", and the schooner immediately stopped engines, hauled down the fore staysail and headed into the wind with her foresail idly flapping.

"Seneca" mustered a force armed with rifles, called away a boat, and ordered the master to haul down his foresail. The crew of the schooner, without waiting for instructions from the master, immediately jumped to the sail and hauled it down. Boatswain I. E. Johannessen took an armed boarding party on board "Tomoka" and ordered the "rummy" crew below decks. Meanwhile, "Seneca" was lying less than convert|100|ft|m off, with another armed party on the bow. No further difficulty was encountered. The vessels arrived off Staten Island at 23:30 and turned "Tomoka" and her crew over to "Lexington", including Bill McCoy himself.

Various missions

After her 1924 ice patrol she was again overhauled, and again patrolled various regattas. On 26 July 1927 she was placed out of commission at Curtis Bay, Maryland but on 20 April 1928 she was recommissioned and reported for duty with the New York Division. On 1 March 1929 she arrived in Washington, DC to take part in the inauguration of Herbert Hoover. On 23 September 1932 her permanent station was changed to San Juan, Puerto Rico, and she arrived there on 23 October. On 1 June 1934 her permanent station was changed once again when she moved to Mobile, Alabama, where she served until 28 January 1936, when she was selected to be decommissioned. Proceeding to the depot at Curtis Bay, "Seneca" had one last opportunity for service when a big freeze came over the Virginia and Maryland coasts. The Chesapeake Bay and the Potomac River froze over, stranding several vessels in the ice. "Seneca" was called to the rescue. From 21-27 February, she stayed busy breaking ice, freeing and rendering assistance to five ice-bound vessels.

Decommissioned

On 21 March 1936 she was decommissioned at the Coast Guard Depot and on 3 September 1936, she was sold to the Boston Iron and Metal Company of Baltimore for $6,605.00. "Seneca" was then sold to the Texas Refrigeration Steamship Line and she sailed with them for only a few months before the company went bankrupt. Boston Iron and Metal Company then bought "Seneca" back at auction.

"Reacquired as training ship"

She returned to Coast Guard service in 1941 and was overhauled. In 1942 she was turned over to the state of Pennsylvania for use in training merchant and naval cadets from the maritime academies of the states of Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, and New York. Renamed "Keystone State", she stayed in that service through 1948.

She was then returned to the Maritime Commission and laid up until she was sold for scrap in Baltimore in 1950.

References

* [http://152.121.2.2/history/WEBCUTTERS/Seneca_1908.html "Seneca" 1908] , US Coast Guard website.
*Canney, Donald (1995): "U.S. Coast Guard and Revenue Cutters, 1790-1935" Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press.

*"U.S. Coast Guard. Record of Movements: Vessels of the United States Coast Guard: 1790 - December 31, 1933". Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1934; 1989 (reprint).