Fancher party's and Mormons' backgrounds and the Mountain Meadows massacre

The Mountain Meadows massacre victimized several groups of emigrants from the northwestern Arkansas region who had started their treks to California in early 1857, joining along the way and becoming known as the Fancher-Baker party. This group was relatively wealthy, and planned to restock its supplies in Salt Lake City, as most wagon trains did at the time. The party reached Salt Lake City with about 120 members. In Salt Lake, there was an unsubstantiated rumor that the revered martyr Parley P. Pratt's widow recognized one of the party as being present at her husband's murder. [Harvnb|Stenhouse|1873|p=431 (citing "Argus", an anonymous contributor to the "Corinne Daily Reporter" whom Stenhouse met and vouched for).]

For the decade prior the emigrants' arrival, Utah Territory had existed as a theocracy led by Brigham Young. As part of Young's vision of a pre-millennial "Kingdom of God", Young established colonies along the California and Old Spanish Trails, where Mormon officials governed as leaders of church, state, and military. Two of the southern-most establishments were Parowan and Cedar City, led respectively by Stake Presidents William H. Dame and Isaac C. Haight. Haight and Dame were, in addition, the senior regional military leaders of the Mormon militia. During the period just before the massacre, known as the Mormon Reformation, Mormon teachings were dramatic and strident. The religion had undergone a period of intense persecution in the American midwest, and faithful Mormons made solemn oaths to pray for vengeance upon those who killed the "prophets" including founder Joseph Smith, Jr. and most recently apostle Parley P. Pratt, who was murdered in April 1857 in Arkansas.

Fancher–Baker party

The Fancher–Baker party consisted of several smaller parties that set out separately from the Ozarks in northwestern Arkansas, and then joined up along the way. [Harvnb|Fancher|Wallner|2006.] Many of the families in the group were prosperous farmers and cattlemen with ample financial resources to make the journey west. Some of the groups had family and friends in California awaiting their arrival, as well as many relatives remaining in Arkansas. Among the groups were the Baker train, led by John T. Baker from Carroll County, and the Fancher train, led by seasoned expeditioner Alexander Fancher, [Harvnb|Finck|2005 Fancher had journeyed to California from Arkansas previously in 1850 and 1853. (Harvnb|Fancher|Wallner|2006; Harvnb|Bagley|2002; the 1850 San Diego County, Calif. census Roll: M432_35; Page: 280;
] which left from Benton County. [Harvnb|Fancher|Wallner|2006.] Other groups included the Huff train, which also left from Benton, the Mitchell, Dunlapp, and Prewitt trains which left from Marion County, and the Poteet-Tackitt-Jones, Cameron, and Miller trains which left from Johnson County. [Harvnb|Fancher|Wallner|2006.] Pleasant Tackitt, from the Poteet-Tackitt-Jones train, was a Methodist minister who led the others in worship and prayer services while on their journey.Fact|date=August 2007 When the groups left Arkansas in April 1857, the total company numbered more than 200. [Harvnb|Bagley|2002|p=55-68; Harvnb|Stenhouse|1873|p=424-427.] However, during the journey, some groups split off and others joined. [Harvnb|Fancher|Wallner|2006.] Some of the trains that joined the company may have been from other states, such as Missouri. [Harvnb|Bancroft|1889|p=512; Harvnb|Gibbs|1910|p=12.]

The party was well outfitted with wagons, traveling carriages, a large herd of cattle estimated at close to 1,000 head, oxen, as well as numerous horses. They joined the expedition for various reasons; some to settle permanently in California, some to drive cattle west for profit, and some to find California gold. [Harv|Fancher|Wallner|2006.] Like other emigrant groups traveling to California, they took money with them and planned to replenish their supplies in Salt Lake City for the remainder of the trip. [Harvnb|Stenhouse|1873|p=428.] The actual date of arrival is unknown, but Brooks places the arrival as August 3 or August 4, 1857 based on reports in the "Journal of Church History." [Harvnb|Brooks|1850|p=28-29] The Arkansans arrived in Utah with over 800 head of cattle and were low on supplies when they reached the Salt Lake area, a major resupply destination for overland emigrants.

Utah Territory's political structure during the massacre

A decade prior the Fancher–Baker party's arrival, Mormons had established in the Utah Territory a theocratic community ("see" theodemocracy). There Brigham Young presided over The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as LDS Church president and Prophet of God, [Harvnb|Quinn|1997|p=238 (citing "Minutes of meeting of Quorum of the Twelve Apostles", 12 February 1849, p. 3 [LDS Archives] ).] until Christ's assumption of world kingship at his Second Coming. [Harvnb|Melville|1960|p=33–34; Harvnb|Smith|Cowdery|Rigdon|Williams|1835|loc=sec. XXIV, p. 151 ("The keys of the kingdom of God are committed unto man on the earth, and from thence shall the gospel roll forth unto the ends of the earth, as the stone which is cut out of the mountain without hands shall roll forth, until it has filled the whole earth…. [T] he Son of man shall come down in heaven, clothed in the brightest of glory, to meet the kingdom of God which is set up on the earth;… that thou O God may be glorified in heaven, so on earth, that they enemies may be subdued."); Harvnb|Roberts|192|loc=6:290, 292; Harvnb|Young|1855|p=310; Harvnb|Taylor|853|p=230; Harvnb|Quinn|1997 (citing John D. Lee diary, 6 December 1848).] U.S. President Millard Fillmore appointed Young governor of the Territory of Utah [Harvnb|Fillmore|1850|p=252] and its Superintendent of Indian Affairs. Yet there was minimal effective separation between church and state until 1858. [Harvnb|Taylor|1857|p=266 ("We used to have a difference between Church and State, but it is all one now. Thank God."). Removed as governor during the Utah War, Young yet retained a great deal of control until his death in 1877 Harvnb|Melville|1960|p=48.]

Brigham Young envisioned a Mormon domain, called the "State of Deseret", spanning from the Salt Lake Valley to the Pacific Ocean, [Hunter, Milton R. (2004), "Brigham Young the Colonizer", Kessinger Publishing, ISBN 141796846X, 70 (citing Brigham Young, Latter-day Saint Journal History, October 27 1850, Ms.).] and so he sent church leaders to establish colonies far and wide. These colonies were governed by Mormon officials under Brigham Young's mandate to enforce "God's law" by "lay [ing] the ax at the root of the tree of sin and iniquity", while preserving individual rights. [In 1856, Young said "the government of God, as administered here" may to some seem "despotic" because " [i] t lays the ax at the root of the tree of sin and iniquity; judgment is dealt out against the transgression of the law of God"; however, "does not [it] give every person his rights?" Harvnb|Young|1856c|p=256.] Despite the distance to these outlying colonies, local Mormon leaders received frequent visits from church headquarters, and were under Young's direct doctrinal and political control. [Harvnb|Quinn|2001|pp=143–45, 147.] Mormons were taught to obey the orders of their priesthood leaders, as long as they coincided with LDS gospel principles. [Harvnb|Lee|1877|p=235; Harvnb|Beadle|1870|p=495 (describing what is said to be a portion of the Mormon Endowment in which participants are commanded to "obey all orders of the priesthood, temporal and spiritual, in matters of life or death").] Young's view of theocratic enforcement included a death penalty for such sins as theft. [On the Mormon Trail, Young threatened adherents who had stole wagon cover strings and rail timber with having their throats cut "when they get out of the settlements where his orders could be executed" Harvnb|Roberts|1932|p=597. Young also gave orders that "when a man is found to be a thief,...cut his throat & thro' him in the River" (Diary of Thomas Bullock, 13 December 1846). In Utah, Young said "a theif ["sic"] should not live in the Valley, for he would cut off their heads or be the means of haveing ["sic?"] it done as the Lord lived." (See the Diary of Mary Haskin Parker Richards, 16 April 1848). The preferred method of execution was by exsanguination or decapitation, the latter being "the law of God & it shall be executed". (See the diary of Willard Richards, 20 December 1846; Watson, Manuscript History of Brigham Young, 1846-1847, p. 480.)] However, there are no documented cases showing that such threats were ever enforced as actual policy, and there were no accusations of thievery against the Fancher party. Mormon leaders taught the doctrine of blood atonement, in which Mormon "covenant breakers" could in theory gain their exaltation in heaven by having "their blood spilt upon the ground, that the smoke thereof might ascend to heaven as an offering for their sins". More clearly stated, this doctrine holds that capital punishment is requisite for offenses of murder. [Harvnb|Young|1856d|p=53. Mormon leaders stated that this practice was not yet "in full force" Harv|1857|p=219–20, but the time was "not far distant" when Mormons would be sacrificed out of love to ensure their eternal reward (Harvnb|Young|1856b|p=245–46; Harvnb|Kimball|1857a|p=174; Harvnb|Young|1857b|p=219.)]

Commentator Thomas G. Alexander among others argues that most violent speech by LDS leaders was rhetorical in nature. He further states that statistical studies are needed in order to determine whether frontier Utah was in reality any more violent than surrounding regions. But he argues that the limited statistical evidence which does exist (although unfortunately dating from the 1880's) shows Utah to be far less violent than other contemporaneous western states and territories. [Thomas G. Alexander. [http://byustudies.byu.edu/Reviews/Pages/reviewdetail.aspx?reviewID=99 "Review: Will Bagely. Blood of the Prophets"] , BYU Studies Review (2003). Alexander referenced available statistics dealing with the period from 1882 to 1903, however it was estimations of violence from earlier (Mormon Reformation period) Utah compared with neighbors such as (Bleeding Kansas period) Kansas that Alexander said was needed.] Referring to the frequent Mormon declarations that there were fewer deeds of violence in Utah than in other pioneer settlements of equal population, the anti-Mormon Salt Lake Tribune reported on January 25, 1876: "It is estimated that no less than 600 murders have been committed by the Mormons, in nearly every case at the instigation of their priestly leaders, during the occupation of the territory. Giving a mean average of 50,000 persons professing that faith in Utah, we have a murder committed every year to every 2500 of population. The same ratio of crime extended to the population of the United States would give 16,000 murders every year." [ [http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/slt2&CISOPTR=27691&REC=20 CONTENTdm Collection : Compound Object Viewer ] ] Brigham Young's typical response to such charges was undisguised sarcasm. Speaking on July 26, 1857 he stated "what is now the news circulated through the United States?...That Brigham Young has [had] killed all the men who have died between the Missouri River and California." [ [http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/deseretnews1&CISOPTR=7606&REC=31 CONTENTdm Collection : Compound Object Viewer ] ] He had previously retorted to similar charges, "just one word from Brigham, and they are ready to slay all before them...It is all a pack of nonsense, the whole of it." [ [http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/deseretnews1&CISOPTR=7223&REC=24 CONTENTdm Collection : Compound Object Viewer ] ] Whatever the case, there is consensus that William H. Dame and Isaac C. Haight, the two most senior local church leaders in southern Utah complicit in the massacre, took the rhetoric of such doctrines seriously as they contemplated sanctionable applications of violence. [Harvnb|Quinn|1997|p=249 (referring to a request Haight sent to Brigham Young asking permission to enforce blood atonement against an adulterous Mormon desirous to voluntarily submit for blood atonement — a request, however, that Young denied.]

According to rumors and accusations, Brigham Young sometimes enforced "God's law" through a secret cadre of avenging Danites. [Harvnb|Briggs|2006|p=320, n.26. The southern Utah pioneer and militia scout of the time John Chatterley later wrote that he had received threats from a "secret Committee, called ...'destroying angels'" ] The truth of these rumors is debated by historians. While there existed active vigilante organizations in Utah who referred to themselves as "Danites", [Harvnb|Young|1857c|p=6 (warning "mobocrats" that if they came to Utah, they would find "Danites").] they may have been acting independently. [Harvnb|Cannon|Knapp|1913|p=271.] Historian Leonard Arrington attributes these rumors to the actions of "Minute Men," a law enforcement organization created by Young to pursue hostile Indians and criminals. However, these became associated with the Danite vigilantes which had operated briefly in Missouri in 1838. [Leonard Arrington. . 250.] Haight and Dame were never Danites; however, Young's records indicate that in 1857 he authorized Haight and Dame to secretly execute two recently relieased convicts traveling through southern Utah along the California trail if they were caught stealing cattle or other livestock. [Harvnb|Parshall|2005|p=74.] Dame replied to Young in a letter that "we try to live so when your finger crooks, we move". [Harvnb|Parshall|2005|p=74.] Haight and/or Dame might have been involved in the subsequent ambush of part of the convicts' party just south of Mountain Meadows. [Harvnb|Parshall|2005|p=79.]

Prior Mid-West Persecution against Mormons and their calls for vengeance

At the time of the massacre, Mormons had an acute memory of recent persecutions against them, particularly the death of "the prophets", and had been taught that God would soon exact vengeance. The persecutions began in the 1830s, when the state of Missouri officially opposed their presence in the state, engaged with them in the Mormon War, and expelled them in 1838 with an Extermination Order. During the Mormon War, prominent Mormon apostle David W. Patten was died of wounds suffered after leading Mormon insurgents in an attack against the Missouri Militia at Crooked Creek, and a group of Mormons were massacred at Haun's Mill. After the Mormons established a new home in Nauvoo, Illinois, in 1839, they were again forced to leave behind homes and land in Illinois after conflicts with locals culminated in the 1844 lynch mob assassination of Joseph Smith, Jr. and his brother, Patriarch Hyrum Smith by a mob of Illinois militia. Brigham Young led the majority of Mormons westward in 1846 to avoid civil war. [Harvnb|Ford|1854|p=411–12]

[

Parley P. Pratt
"Mormon apostle murdered by jealous husband in Arkansas in April 1857 and viewed as martyr by Latter-day Saints"]

In Utah, just months before the Mountain Meadows massacre, Mormons received word that yet another "prophet" had been killed: in April 1857, apostle Parley P. Pratt was shot in Arkansas by Hector McLean, the estranged husband of one of Pratt's plural wives, Eleanor McLean Pratt. [Harvnb|Pratt|1975|pp=6, 24 n.26 (Parley and Eleanor entered a Celestial marriage under the theocratic law of the Utah Territory), but Hector had refused Eleanor a divorce. "When she left San Francisco she left Hector, and later she was to state in a court of law that she had left him as a wife the night he drove her from their home. Whatever the legal situation, she thought of herself as an unmarried woman."(p. 6)] Mormon leaders immediately proclaimed Pratt as another martyr, and compared his death with that of Joseph Smith. [ [http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/u?/MStar,2651 "Murder of Parley P. Pratt, One of the Twelve Apostles of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"] , JD 19(27):417 (July 4 1857) ("Another Martyr has fallen—another faithful servant of God has sealed his pure and heavenly testimony of the truthfulness of the Book of Mormon with his blood."); Harvnb|Pratt|1975|p=16; "Reminiscences of Mrs. A. Agatha Pratt, January 07, F564, #16, LDS Church Archives, stating that Brigham Young said, "Nothing has happened so hard to reconcile my mind to since the death of Joseph.").] Many Mormons held the people of Arkansas responsible. [Eleanor McLean Pratt, [http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/u?/MStar,2654 "Mrs. McLean's Letter to the Judge"] , JD 19(27):426 (July 4 1857) (" [T] he blood of innocence has freely flowed to stain the soil of the fair State of Arkansas."); Harvnb|Brooks|1950|p=36-37; Harvnb|Linn|1902|p=519–20: "It was in accordance with Mormon policy to hold every Arkansan accountable for Pratt's death, just as every Missourian was hated because of the expulsion of the church from that state.").]

In 1857, Mormon leaders taught that the Second Coming of Jesus was imminent, [Harvnb|Young|Kimball|Hyde|Pratt|1845|p=5 (" [t] here are those now living upon the earth who will live to see the consummation" of the Millennium). Based on a somewhat ambiguous statement by Joseph Smith, some Mormons believed that Jesus would return in 1891 Harvnb|Erickson|1996|p=9. "See also" Doctrine and Covenants 130: 14-17.] and that God would soon exact punishment against the United States for persecuting Mormons and martyring "the prophets" Joseph Smith, Jr., Hyrum Smith, David W. Patten, and Parley P. Pratt. [Harvnb|Grant|1854|p=148 " [I] t is a stern fact that the people of the United States have shed the blood of the Prophets, driven out the Saints of God,… [c] onsequently I look for the Lord to use His whip on the refractory son called 'Uncle Sam'."] In their Endowment ceremony, faithful early Latter-day Saints took an Oath of Vengeance against the murderers of the prophets. [Diary of Heber C. Kimball (21 December 1845); Harvnb|Beadle|1970|pp=496–97 (describing the oath prior to 1970 as requiring a "private, immediate duty to avenge the death of the Prophet and Martyr, Joseph Smith"); George Q. Cannon (Daily Journal of Abraham H. Cannon, 6 December 1889, p. 205). In 1904, several witnesses said that the oath as it then existed was that participants would never cease to pray that God would avenge the blood of the prophets on this nation", and that they would teach this practice to their posterity "unto the 3rd and 4th generation" Harvnb|Buerger|2002|p=134. The oath was deleted from the ceremony in the early 20th century.] As a result of this oath, several Mormon apostles and other leaders considered it their religious duty to kill the prophets' murderers if they ever came across them. [Diary of Heber C. Kimball (21 December 1845) (saying that in the temple he had "covenanted, and will never rest…until those men who killed Joseph & Hyrum have been wiped out of the earth"); George Q. Cannon (Daily Journal of Abraham H. Cannon, 6 December 1889, p. 205) (stating that he understood that his Endowment in Nauvoo included "an oath against the murders of the Prophet Joseph as well as other prophets, and if he had ever met any of those who had taken a hand in that massacre he would undoubtedly have attempted to avenge the blood of the Martyrs").]

The sermons, blessings, and private counsel by Mormon leaders just prior to the Mountain Meadows massacre can be understood as encouraging private individuals to execute God's judgment against the wicked. [Diary of Daniel Davis, 8 July 1849, the LDS archives, as quoted in Harvnb|Quinn|1997|p=247 (A Mormon who listened to a sermon by Young in 1849 recorded that Young said "if any one was catched stealing to shoot them dead on the spot and they should not be hurt for it."); Harvnb|Young|1856b|p=247 (stating that a man would be justified in putting a javelin through his plural wife caught in the act of adultery, but anyone intending to "execute judgment…has got to have clean hands and a pure heart,…else they had better let the matter alone"); Harvnb|Young|1857|p=219 (" [I] f [your neighbor] needs help, help him; and if he wants salvation and it is necessary to spill his blood on the earth in order that he may be saved, spill it"); Harvnb|Young|1857|p=311 (" [I] n regard to those who have persecuted this people and driven them to the mountains, I intend to meet them on their own grounds.…I will tell you how it could be done, we could take the same law they have taken, viz., mobocracy, and if any miserable scounderels come here, cut their throats. (All the people said, Amen)."); Harvnb|Quinn|1997|p=260 ("LDS leaders publicly and privately encouraged Mormons to consider it their right to kill antagonistic outsiders, common criminals, LDS apostates, and even faithful Mormons who committed sins "worthy of death.").] In Cedar City, Utah, church leaders taught that members should ignore dead bodies and go about their business. [Letter from Mary L. Campbell to Andrew Jenson, 24 January 1892, LDS archives, in Moorman & Sessions, "Camp Floyd and the Mormons", p. 142] Col. William H. Dame, the ranking officer in southern Utah who ordered the Mountain Meadows massacre, received a patriarchal blessing in 1854 that he would "be called to act at the head of a portion of thy Brethren and of the Lamanites (Native Americans) in the redemption of Zion and the avenging of the blood of the prophets upon them that dwell on the earth". [ Patriarchal blessing of William H. Dame, 20 February 1854, in Harold W. Pease, "The Life and Works of William Horne Dame", M.A. thesis, BYU, 1971, pp. 64-66.] In June 1857, Philip Klingensmith, another participant, was similarly blessed that he would participate in "avenging the blood of Brother Joseph". [ Patriarchal blessing of Philip Klingensmith, Anna Jean Backus, "Mountain Meadows Witness: The Life and Times of Bishop Philip Klingensmith" (Spokane: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1995), pp. 118, 124.]

FOOTNOTE--> [See [http://historytogo.utah.gov/utah_chapters/trappers,_traders,_and_explorers/thesaltlakecutoffandthecaliforniatrail.html Salt Lake Cutoff and the California Trail] and [http://historytogo.utah.gov/utah_chapters/trappers,_traders,_and_explorers/thespanishtrailcutapaththroughutah.html Spanish Trail Cut a Roundabout Path Through Utah] ; Harvnb|Scott|1877] The train led by Alexander Fancher waited outside Salt Lake City for more than a week as other groups caught up with them. The other, led by Captain John Twitty Baker was the last to arrive. Here the groups decided which route to take across the Great Basin to California. North to the California Trail, involved traveling the along the Humboldt River, west across the desert to California and across the Sierra Nevada mountains to Sacramento. This route put emigrants at risk of becoming snowbound in the mountains as the Donner party had ten years before. South to the Old Spanish Trail, would take them through the settlements in southern Utah, the arid Mohave Desert and to Los Angeles. [Harvnb|Bagley|2002|p=99.] At least one couple, Henry D. and Malinda Cameron Scott, chose to take the northern route while others from the woman's family went south with the united parties under Captain Fancher. [Harvnb|Scott|1877.]

It was reported to Brigham Young that the party was from Arkansas. [Harvnb|Young|1875.] It was also rumored that Eleanor McLean Pratt, the apostle Pratt's plural wife, recognized one of the party as being present at her husband's murder. [Harvnb|Stenhouse|1873|p=431 (citing "Argus", an anonymous contributor to the "Corinne Daily Reporter" whom Stenhouse met and vouched for).]

Footnotes

Further reading

*Citation
last=Bagley
first=Will
year=2002
title=Blood of the Prophets: Brigham Young and the Massacre at Mountain Meadows
place=Norman, Oklahoma
publisher=University of Oklahoma Press
isbn=0-8061-3426-7 .
*Citation
last=Bancroft
first=Hubert Howe
author-link=Hubert Howe Bancroft
title=The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft: History of Utah, 1540–1886
volume=26
year=1889
place=San Francisco
publisher=History Company
id=LCC F826.B2 1889, LCCN 07018413
url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2OwNAAAAIAAJ ( [http://www.archive.org/details/historyofutahhowe26bancrich Internet Archive versions] ).
*Citation
last=Beadle
first=John Hanson
year=1870
title=Life in Utah
chapter=Chapter VI. The Bloody Period.
place=Philadelphia
publisher=National Publishing
pages=177-195
id=LCC BX8645 .B4 1870, LCCN 30005377
url = http://www.archive.org/details/crimeofmormonism00beadrich .
*Citation
last=Briggs
first=Robert H.
title=The Mountain Meadows Massacre: An Analytical Narrative Based on Participant Confessions
journal=Utah Historical Quarterly
volume=74
issue=4
year=2006
pages=313-333
url=http://history.utah.gov/history_programs/utah_historic_quarterly/table_of_contents/documents/Fall2006.pdf .
*Citation
last=Brooks
first=Juanita
author-link=Juanita Brooks
year=1950
title=Mountain Meadows Massacre
place=Norman, Oklahoma
publisher=University of Oklahoma Press
isbn=0-8061-2318-4 .
*Citation
last=Buerger
first=David John
title=The Mysteries of Godliness: A History of Mormon Temple Worship
edition=2nd
place=Salt Lake City
publisher=Signature Books
year=2002
isbn=1560851767 .
*Citation
last1=Burns
first1=Ken
author1-link=Ken Burns
last2=Ives
first2=Stephen
title=New Perspectives on the West (Documentary)
publisher=PBS
place=Washington, D.C.
year=1996
url=http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/program/episodes/ .
*Citation
last1=Cannon
first1=Frank J.
last2=Knapp
first2=George L.
title=Brigham Young and His Mormon Empire
year=1913
place=New York
publisher=Fleming H. Revell Co.
url=http://www.archive.org/details/brighamyoungandh003273mbp .
*Citation
last=Dunn
first=Jacob Piatt
title=Massacres of the Mountains: A History of the Indian Wars of the Far West
year=1886
place=New York
publisher=Harper & Brothers
url=http://books.google.com/books?id=78ohAAAAMAAJ .
*Citation
last=Erickson
first=Dan
title=Joseph Smith's 1891 Millennial Prophecy: The Quest for Apocalyptic Deliverance
journal=Journal of Mormon History
year=1996
volume=22
issue=2
pages=1–34
url=http://content.lib.utah.edu/u?/jmh,14280 .
*Citation
last1=Fancher
first1=Lynn-Marie
last2=Wallner
first2=Alison C.
title=1857: An Arkansas Primer To The Mountain Meadows Massacre
year=2006 .
*Citation
last=Fillmore
first=Millard
author-link=Millard Fillmore
contribution=I nominate Brigham Young, of Utah, as governor of the Territory of Utah
date = September 26 1850
year=1850
contribution-url = http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llej&fileName=008/llej008.db&recNum=253&itemLink=D?hlaw:5:./temp/~ammem_Pmtl::%230080255&linkText=1
pages = 252
title = Journal of the Executive Proceedings of the Senate of the United States of America
volume = 8
editor-last=McCook
editor-first=Anson G.
publisher = GPO
location = Washington, D.C.
publication-date=1887
*Citation
last = Finck
first = James
contribution = Mountain Meadows Massacre
year = 2005
title = Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture
editor-last = Dillard
editor-first = Tom W.
place= Little Rock, Arkansas
publisher = Encyclopedia of Arkansas Project
url = http://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=129 .
*Citation
last=Ford
first=Thomas
author-link=Thomas Ford (politician)
title=A History of Illinois, from its Commencement as a State in 1818 to 1847
year=1854
place=Chicago
publisher=S.C. Griggs & Co.
url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0mgOAAAAIAAJ .
*Citation
last=Grant
first=Jedediah M.
author-link=Jedediah M. Grant
title=Discourse
year=1854a
date=March 12, 1854a
newspaper=Deseret News
volume=4
issue=20
url=http://udn.lib.utah.edu/u?/deseretnews1,175293
publication-date=July 27 1854
pages=1–2 .
*Citation
last=Grant
first=Jedediah M.
author-link=Jedediah M. Grant
contribution=Fulfilment of Prophecy—Wars and Commotions
year=1854b
date=April 2 1854b
title=Journal of Discourses by Brigham Young, President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, His Two Counsellors, the Twelve Apostles, and Others
editor-last=Watt
editor-first=G.D.
volume=2
place=Liverpool
publisher=F.D. & S.W. Richards
publication-date=1855
contribution-url=http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/u?/JournalOfDiscourses3,5989
pages=145–49 .
*Citation
last=Kimball
first=Heber C.
author-link=Heber C. Kimball
contribution=The Body of Christ-Parable of the Vine-A Wile Enthusiastic Spirit Not of God-The Saints Should Not Unwisely Expose Each Others' Follies
volume=4
date=January 11 1857a
year=1857a
title=Journal of Discourses by Brigham Young, President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, His Two Counsellors, and the Twelve Apostles
editor-last=Watt
editor-first=G.D.
volume=4
place=Liverpool
publisher=S.W. Richards
publication-date=1857
pages=164–81
contribution-url=http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cgi-bin/docviewer.exe?CISOROOT=/JournalOfDiscourses3&CISOPTR=9596.
*Citation
last=Kimball
first=Heber C.
author-link=Heber C. Kimball
contribution=Limits of Forebearance-Apostates-Economy-Giving Endowments
volume=4
date=August 16 1857b
year=1857b
title=Journal of Discourses by Brigham Young, President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, His Two Counsellors, and the Twelve Apostles
editor-last=Watt
editor-first=G.D.
volume=4
place=Liverpool
publisher=S.W. Richards
publication-date=1857
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year=1856b
title=Journal of Discourses by Brigham Young, President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, His Two Counsellors, the Twelve Apostles, and Others
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year=1856c
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year=1856d
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year=1857d
title=Journal of Discourses Delivered by President Brigham Young, His Two Counsellors, the Twelve Apostles, and Others
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volume=5
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