Banksia spinulosa var. spinulosa

taxobox
name = "Banksia spinulosa" var. "spinulosa"


regnum = Plantae
unranked_divisio = Angiosperms
unranked_classis = Eudicots
ordo = Proteales
familia = Proteaceae
genus = "Banksia"
species = "B. spinulosa"
variety = "B. spinulosa" var. "spinulosa"
trinomial = "Banksia spinulosa" Sm. var. "spinulosa"|

"Banksia spinulosa" var. "spinulosa" is a shrub that grows along the east coast of Australia, in Queensland and New South Wales.

Description

As with the other varieties of "B. spinulosa" (Hairpin Banksia), "B. spinulosa" var. "spinulosa" grows as a multi-stemmed lignotuberous shrub with flower spikes that are all golden or golden with red or purple styles. Its strongly revolute leaf margins distinguish it from the other varieties, and it is further distinguished from "B. spinulosa" var. "collina" in having narrower leaves that are serrate only towards the leaf tips. It is also easily distinguished from "B. spinulosa" var. "cunninghamii" by its lignotuber and resultant multi-stemmed habit,The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)] cite encyclopedia | first = A. S. | last = George | authorlink = Alex George | year = 1999 | chapter = Banksia | editor = Wilson, Annette | title = Flora of Australia | volume = 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra | pages = 175–251 | publisher = CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study | id = ISBN 0-643-06454-0]

Taxonomy

"B. spinulosa" var. "spinulosa" is an autonym that encompasses the type material of the species. This material was collected by John White, probably in 1792.The Banksia Book] The following year, the species was formally described by Smith in his "A Specimen of the Botany of New Holland", and given the specific epithet "spinulosa", a Latin term meaning "having minute spines", probably in reference to the leaf tips.

Before 1810, no taxon had been circumscribed as equivalent to today's "B. spinulosa" var. "spinulosa". That year saw the publication of "Banksia collina" (now "B. spinulosa" var. "collina"), and from then until 1981, the circumscription of "B. spinulosa" was roughly equivalent to the present-day circumscription of "B. spinulosa" var. "spinulosa".Or|date=September 2007

In the first infrageneric arrangement of "Banksia", that of Brown in 1830, "B. spinulosa" was placed in subgenus "Banksia verae", the "True Banksias", because its inflorescence is a typical "Banksia" flower spike. It was placed next to "B. cunninghamii" and "B. collina", both now considered varieties of "B. spinulosa"; these three were placed between "B. ericifolia" (Heath-leaved Banksia) and "B. occidentalis" (Red Swamp Banksia).cite book | author = Brown, Robert | year = 1830 | title = Supplementum Primum Prodromi Florae Novae Hollandiae | location = London | publisher = Richard Taylor] "Banksia verae" was renamed "Eubanksia" by Stephan Endlicher in 1847.

Carl Meissner demoted "Eubanksia" to sectional rank in his 1856 classification, and divided it into four series, with "B. spinulosa" placed in series "Abietinae", while "B. cunninghamii" and "B. collina" were placed alongside each other in series "Salicinae".cite book | author = Meissner, Carl | year = 1856 | chapter = Proteaceae | editor = A. P. de Candolle | title = Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis, pars decima quarta | url = http://www.botanicus.org/title.asp?barcode=31753003013338 | location = Paris | publisher = Sumptibus Victoris Masson] When George Bentham published his 1870 arrangement in "Flora Australiensis", he discarded Meissner's series, placing all the species with hooked styles together in a section that he named "Oncostylis".cite encyclopedia | author = Bentham, George | year = 1870 | title = "Banksia" | encyclopedia = | volume = Volume 5: Myoporineae to Proteaceae | pages = 541–562 | location = London | publisher = L. Reeve & Co.] This arrangement would stand for over a century.

Alex George published a new taxonomic arrangement of "Banksia" in his landmark 1981 monograph "The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)". Endlicher's "Eubanksia" became "B." subg. "Banksia", and was divided into three sections, one of which was "Oncostylis". "Oncostylis" was further divided into four series, with "B. spinulosa" placed in series "Spicigerae" because its inflorescences are cylindrical. "B. collina" and "B. cunninghamii" were demoted to varieties of "B. spinulosa", and as a result the name "B. spinulosa" var. "spinulosa" was used for the first time.

In 1996, Kevin Thiele and Pauline Ladiges published a new arrangement for the genus, after cladistic analyses yielded a cladogram significantly different from George's arrangement. Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement retained "B. spinulosa" var. "spinulosa"'s position within the "B. spinulosa" complex, and retained "B. spinulosa" in series "Spicigerae", but placed the species alone in "B." subser. "Spinulosae".cite journal | author = Thiele, Kevin and Pauline Y. Ladiges | year = 1996 | title = A cladistic analysis of "Banksia" (Proteaceae) | journal = Australian Systematic Botany | volume = 9 | issue = 5 | pages = 661–733 | doi = 10.1071/SB9960661] This arrangement stood until 1999, when George effectively reverted to his 1981 arrangement in his monograph for the "Flora of Australia" series.

Under George's taxonomic arrangement of "Banksia", "B. spinulosa" var. "spinulosa"'s taxonomic placement may be summarised as follows::Genus "Banksia"::Subgenus "Banksia":::Section "Banksia":::Section "Coccinea":::Section "Oncostylis"::::Series "Spicigerae":::::"B. spinulosa"::::::"B. spinulosa" var. "spinulosa"::::::"B. spinulosa" var. "collina"::::::"B. spinulosa" var. "neoanglica"::::::"B. spinulosa" var. "cunninghamii":::::"B. ericifolia":::::"B. verticillata":::::"B. seminuda":::::"B. littoralis":::::"B. occidentalis":::::"B. brownii"::::Series "Tricuspidae"::::Series "Dryandroidae"::::Series "Abietinae"::Subgenus "Isostylis"

Since 1998, Austin Mast has been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for the subtribe Banksiinae. His analyses suggest a phylogeny that is very greatly different to George's arrangement. George's and Thiele and Ladiges' positioning of "B. spinulosa" var. "spinulosa" within "B. spinulosa" is supported, but "B. spinulosa"'s placement is not. Series "Spicigerae" appears to be polyphyletic, with "B. spinulosa" and "B. ericifolia" more closely related to the taxa in Series "Salicinae" than it is to the other members of series "Spicigerae".cite journal | author = Mast, Austin R. | year = 1998 | title = Molecular systematics of subtribe Banksiinae ("Banksia" and "Dryandra"; Proteaceae) based on cpDNA and nrDNA sequence data: implications for taxonomy and biogeography | journal = Australian Systematic Botany | volume = 11 | pages = 321–342 | doi = 10.1071/SB97026] cite journal | author = Mast, Austin R. and Thomas J. Givnish | year = 2002 | title = Historical biogeography and the origin of stomatal distributions in "Banksia" and "Dryandra" (Proteaceae) based on Their cpDNA phylogeny | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 89 | issue = 8 | pages = 1311–1323 | id = ISSN|0002-9122 | url = http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/89/8/1311 | accessdate=2006-07-02 | doi = 10.3732/ajb.89.8.1311] cite journal | author = Mast, Austin R., Eric H. Jones and Shawn P. Havery | year = 2005 | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | title = An assessment of old and new DNA sequence evidence for the paraphyly of "Banksia" with respect to "Dryandra" (Proteaceae) | journal = Australian Systematic Botany | pages = 75–88 | publisher = CSIRO Publishing / Australian Systematic Botany Society | doi = 10.1071/SB04015] Early in 2007, Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement of "Banksia" by merging "Dryandra" into it, and publishing "B." subg. "Spathulatae" for the species having spoon-shaped cotyledons. They foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of "Dryandra" was complete; in the meantime, if Mast and Thiele's nomenclatural changes are taken as an interim arrangement, then "B. spinulosa" var. "spinulosa" is placed in "B." subg. "Spathulatae".cite journal | author = Mast, Austin R. and Kevin Thiele | year = 2007 | title = The transfer of "Dryandra" R.Br. to "Banksia" L.f. (Proteaceae) | journal = Australian Systematic Botany | volume = 20 | pages = 63–71 | doi = 10.1071/SB06016]

The variety has two taxonomic synonyms: "Banksia incognita", published anonymously in "The Naturalists' Pocket Magazine" in 1798,APNI | name = "Banksia incognita" Anon. | id = 53890] and "Banksia denticulata", published by Georges Louis Marie Dumont de Courset in 1814.APNI | name = "Banksia denticulata" Dum.Cours. | id = 53340]

Distribution and habitat

This variety occurs in a series of disjunct populations along the east coast of Australia. It is most common in New South Wales where it occurs from the border with Victoria north to Newcastle. In addition there are isolated populations near Gympie in southeast Queensland, between Coral Bay and Gladstone in central Queensland, inland on the Blackdown Tableland, and in north Queensland between Mossman and Ravenshoe. It mainly grows in sand, occurring on both coastal plain and inland mountains. It is typically an understory shrub in open forests and woodlands of "Eucalyptus".The Banksia Atlas]

Cultivation

This variety is a popular garden plant, and is grown under a wide range of conditions in eastern Australia. Its behaviour is difficult to predict, as it varies greatly with provenance and growing conditions. In general, it grows slowly, taking up to eight years to flower from seed. It tolerates heavy pruning, and may even be pruned back the ground, as it can be relied upon to resprout from its lignotuber. It is also frost tolerant to -8°C. It prefers a sunny or somewhat shady aspect, in well=drained or heavy soil.The Banksia Book]

Gallery

References

External links

*
* [http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=in&name=Banksia~spinulosa~var.+spinulosa "Banksia spinulosa" Sm. var. "spinulosa"] , PlantNET: The Plant Information Network System of the Botanic Gardens Trust.
*