Banksia ser. Salicinae

taxobox
name = "Banksia" ser. "Salicinae"


image_caption = "B. integrifolia"(Coast Banksia), the type species of "B." ser. "Salicinae"
regnum = Plantae
unranked_divisio = Angiosperms
unranked_classis = Eudicots
ordo = Proteales
familia = Proteaceae
genus = "Banksia"
series = "B." ser. "Salicinae"
series_authority = Meisn.|

"Banksia" ser. "Salicinae" is a valid botanic name for a series of "Banksia". First published by Carl Meissner in 1856, the name has had three circumscriptions.

ystematics

According to Meissner

"B." ser. "Salicinae" was first published in 1856, in Carl Meissner's chapter on the Proteaceae in A. P. de Candolle's "Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis". It was one of four series into which the subgenus "Eubanksia" was divided. These four series were defined in terms of leaf characters, with series "Salicinae" containing the species with linear, or nearly so, leaves with hoary grey undersides.cite encyclopedia | author = Meissner, Carl | year = 1856 | chapter = Proteaceae | editor = de Candolle, A. P. | encyclopedia = Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis | volume = 14 | location = Paris | publisher = Sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et Wurtz] As they were defined on leaf characters alone, all of Meissner's series were highly heterogeneous.The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)]

The placement and circumscription of "B." ser. "Salicinae" in Meissner's arrangement may be summarised as follows::"Banksia"::"B." sect. "Eubanksia":::"B." ser. "Abietinae" (8 species, 1 variety):::"B." ser. "Salicinae"::::"B. cunninghamii" (now "B. spinulosa" var. "cunninghamii")::::"B. collina" (now "B. spinulosa" var. "collina")::::"B. occidentalis"::::"B. littoralis"::::"B. cylindrostachya" (now "B. attenuata")::::"B. lindleyana"::::"B. marginata":::::"B. marginata" var. "Cavanillesii" (now "B. marginata"):::::"B. marginata" var. "microstachya" (now "B. marginata"):::::"B. marginata" var. "humilis" (now "B. marginata")::::"B. depressa" (now "B. marginata"):::::"B. depressa" var. "subintegra" (now "B. marginata")::::"B. patula" (now "B. marginata")::::"B. australis" (now "B. marginata")::::"B. Gunnii" (now "B. marginata")::::"B. insularis" (now "B. marginata")::::"B. integrifolia":::::"B. integrifolia" var. "minor" (now "B. integrifolia" subsp. "integrifolia"):::::"B. integrifolia" var. "major" (now "B. integrifolia" subsp. "integrifolia"):::::"B. integrifolia" var. "dentata" (now ""B. robur")::::"B. compar" (now "B. integrifolia" subsp. "compar")::::"B. paludosa"::::"B. verticillata"::::"B. media"::::"B. attenuata"::::"B. elatior" (now "B. aemula")::::"B. lævigata"::::"B. Hookeriana"::::"B. prionotes"::::"B. Menziesii":::"B." ser. "Quercinae" (18 species, 2 varieties):::"B." ser. "Dryandroideae" (8 species)::"B." sect.Isostylis" (1 species)

Meissner's arrangement was current until 1870, when George Bentham published his arrangement, discarding all four of Meissner's series.cite encyclopedia | author = Bentham, George | year = 1870 | title = Banksia | encyclopedia = Flora Australiensis | volume = Volume 5: Myoporineae to Proteaceae | pages = 541–562 | location = London | publisher = L. Reeve & Co.]

According to George

In 1981, Alex George published a thorough revision of "Banksia" in his classic monograph "The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)". He reinstated "B." ser. "Salicinae", placing it within "B." sect. "Banksia", and defining it as containing only those species with entire, serrate or dentate leaves; a small pollen-presenter; and unbeaked follicles.

The placement and circumscription of "B." ser. "Abietinae" in George's taxonomicarrangement of "Banksia" may be summarised as follows:cite encyclopedia | last = George | first = AlexS. | authorlink = Alex George | year = 1999 | title = Banksia | editor = Wilson, Annette (ed.) | encyclopedia = Flora of Australia | volume = Volume 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra | pages = 175–251 | location = Collingwood, Victoria | publisher = CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study | id = ISBN 0-643-06454-0] :"Banksia"::"B." subg. "Banksia":::"B." sect. "Banksia"::::"B." ser. "Salicinae":::::"B. dentata":::::"B. aquilonia":::::"B. integrifolia"::::::"B. integrifolia" subsp. "integrifolia"::::::"B. integrifolia" subsp. "compar"::::::"B. integrifolia" subsp. "monticola":::::"B. plagiocarpa":::::"B. oblongifolia":::::"B. robur":::::"B. conferta"::::::"B. conferta" subsp. "conferta"::::::"B. conferta" subsp. "penicillata":::::"B. paludosa"::::::"B. paludosa" subsp. "astrolux"::::::"B. paludosa" subsp. "paludosa":::::"B. marginata":::::"B. canei":::::"B. saxicola::::"B." ser. "Grandes" (2 species)::::"B." ser. "Banksia" (8 species)::::"B." ser. "Crocinae" (4 species)::::"B." ser. "Prostratae" (6 species, 3 varieties)::::"B." ser. "Cyrtostylis" (13 species, 2 subspecies)::::"B." ser. "Tetragonae" (3 species)::::"B." ser. "Bauerinae" (1 species)::::"B." ser. "Quercinae":::::"B. quercifolia":::::"B. oreophila":::"B." sect. "Coccinea" (1 species):::"B." sect. "Oncostylis" (3 series, 22 species, 4 subspecies, 11 varieties)::"B." subg. "Isostylis" (3 species)

In a later publication, George would refer to this series by the name "B." ser. "Banksiae",cite book | first = Alex | last = George | year = 1987 | title = The Banksia Book | edition = 2nd Edition | publisher = Kangaroo Press | isbn = 0-86417-143-9] but this is probably a typographical error, as the name has not been validly published.Fact|date=November 2007

In 1991, the Tasmanian fossil taxon "B. kingii" was placed in this series.cite journal | author = Jordan, Gregory J. and Robert S. Hill | year = 1991 | title = Two New "Banksia" Species from Pleistocene Sediments in Western Tasmania | journal = Australian Systematic Botany | volume = 4 | issue = 3 | pages = 499–511 | url = http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=SB9910499.pdf | accessdate = 2006-08-28 | doi = 10.1071/SB9910499]

According to Thiele and Ladiges

In 1996, Kevin Thiele and Pauline Ladiges undertook a cladistic analysis of morphological characters of "Banksia", which yielded a phylogeny somewhat at odds with George's taxonomic arrangement. They found George's "B." ser. "Salicinae" to be monophyletic, their cladogram placing it in a clade whose sister clade consisted of the members of George's "B." ser. "Quercinae" and "B." ser. "Spicigerae":clade
1=clade
1="B." ser. "Quercinae" (2 species)
2="B." ser. "Spicigerae" (7 species, 6 varieties)
2=clade | thickness=2
1=clade | thickness=2
1="B. oblongifolia"
2=clade | thickness=2
1="B. plagiocarpa"
2=clade | thickness=2
1="B. dentata"
2="B. robur"
2=clade | thickness=2
1="B. marginata"
2=clade | thickness=2
1=clade | thickness=2
1="B. conferta" subsp. "conferta"
2=clade | thickness=2
1="B. conferta" subsp. "penicillata"
2="B. paludosa"
2=clade | thickness=2
1=clade | thickness=2
1="B. canei"
2="B. saxicola"
2=clade | thickness=2
1="B. integrifolia" subsp. "integrifolia"
2=clade | thickness=2
1="B. integrifolia" subsp. "monticola"
2=clade | thickness=2
1="B. integrifolia" subsp. "compar"
2="B. integrifolia" subsp. "aquilonia" (now "B. aquilonia")

Thiele and Ladiges therefore retained George's "B." ser. "Salicinae", further dividing it into two subseries, "B." subser. "Acclives" and "B." subser. "Integrifoliae", in accordance with the resolution of clades in their analysis. The placement and circumscription of "B." ser. "Abietinae" in Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement may be summarised as follows:cite journal | author = Thiele, Kevin and Pauline Y. Ladiges | year = 1996 | title = A Cladistic Analysis of Banksia (Proteaceae) | journal = Australian Systematic Botany | volume = 9 | issue = 5 | pages = 661–733 | doi = 10.1071/SB9960661] :"Banksia"::"B." subg. "Isostylis" (3 species)::"B. elegans" (incertae sedis)"::"B." subg. "Banksia":::"B." ser. "Tetragonae" (4 species):::"B." ser. "Lindleyanae" (1 species):::"B." ser. "Banksia" (2 subseries, 12 species):::"B. baueri" (incertae sedis)":::"B. lullfitzii" (incertae sedis)":::"B. attenuata" (incertae sedis)":::"B. ashbyi" (incertae sedis)":::"B. coccinea" (incertae sedis)":::"B." ser. "Prostratae" (8 species):::"B." ser. "Cyrtostylis" (4 species):::"B." ser. "Ochraceae" (3 species, 2 subspecies):::"B." ser. "Grandes" (2 species):::"B." ser. "Salicinae"::::"B." subser. "Acclives":::::"B. oblongifolia":::::"B. plagiocarpa":::::"B. robur":::::"B. dentata"::::"B." subser. "Integrifoliae":::::"B. marginata":::::"B. conferta":::::"B. penicillata" (now "B. conferta" subsp. "penicillata"):::::"B. paludosa":::::"B. canei":::::"B. saxicola":::::"B. integrifolia"::::::"B. integrifolia" subsp. "integrifolia"::::::"B. integrifolia" subsp. "monticola"::::::"B. integrifolia" subsp. "compar"::::::"B. integrifolia" subsp. "aquilonia" (now "B. aquilonia"):::"B." ser. "Spicigerae" (3 subseries, 7 species, 6 varieties):::"B." ser. "Quercinae" (2 species):::"B." ser. "Dryandroideae" (1 species):::"Banksia" ser. "Abietinae" (4 subseries, 15 species, 8 varieties)

Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement remained current only until 1999, when George's treatment of the genus for the "Flora of Australia" series of monographs was published. This was essentially a revision of George's 1981 arrangement, which took into account some of Thiele and Ladiges' data, but rejected their overall arrangement. With respect to "B." ser. "Abietinae", George's 1999 arrangement was fundamentally the same as his 1981, but differed in the ranking of some taxa, the inclusion of some newly published taxa, and changes to the phyletic order.

Recent developments

Since 1998, Austin Mast has been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for the subtribe Banksiinae. His analyses suggest a phylogeny that is very greatly different to George's taxonomic arrangement, including finding "Banksia" to be paraphyletic with respect to "Dryandra". Mast's analyses did not include either subspecies of "B. conferta" (Glasshouse Banksia), but otherwise found "B." ser. "Salicinae" to be monophyletic. The clade is not very well resolved, however, having a number of polytomies:cite journal | author = Mast, Austin R. | year = 1998 | title = Molecular systematics of subtribe Banksiinae ("Banksia" and "Dryandra"; Proteaceae) based on cpDNA and nrDNA sequence data: implications for taxonomy and biogeography | journal = Australian Systematic Botany | volume = 11 | pages = 321–342 | doi = 10.1071/SB97026] cite journal | author = Mast, Austin R. and Thomas J. Givnish | year = 2002 | title = Historical biogeography and the origin of stomatal distributions in "Banksia" and "Dryandra" (Proteaceae) based on Their cpDNA phylogeny | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 89 | issue = 8 | pages = 1311–1323 | id = ISSN|0002-9122 | url = http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/89/8/1311 | accessdate=2006-07-02 | doi = 10.3732/ajb.89.8.1311] cite journal | author = Mast, Austin R., Eric H. Jones and Shawn P. Havery | year = 2005 | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | title = An assessment of old and new DNA sequence evidence for the paraphyly of "Banksia" with respect to "Dryandra" (Proteaceae) | journal = Australian Systematic Botany | pages = 75–88 | publisher = CSIRO Publishing / Australian Systematic Botany Society | doi = 10.1071/SB04015] clade
1="B. dentata"
2=clade
1=clade
1="B. oblongifolia"
2="B. robur"
2="B. plagiocarpa"
3="B. integrifolia" subsp. "aquilonia" (now "B. aquilonia")
3=clade
1="B. integrifolia" subsp. "integrifolia"
2="B. integrifolia" subsp. "monticola"
3="B. integrifolia" subsp. "compar"
4=clade
1="B. marginata"
2="B. saxicola"
5="B. paludosa"
4="B. canei"Early in 2007 Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement of "Banksia" by transferring "Dryandra" into it, and publishing "B." subg. "Spathulatae" for the species having spoon-shaped cotyledons; in this way they also redefined the autonym "B." subg. "Banksia" as containing those taxa lacking spoon-shaped cotyledons. The members of "B." ser. "Quercinae" fall within "B." subg. "Spathulatae", but no further details have been proffered. Mast and Thiele have foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of "Dryandra" is complete.cite journal | first = Austin | last = Mast | authorlink = Austin Mast | coauthors = Kevin Thiele | year = 2007 | title = The transfer of Dryandra R.Br. to Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae) | journal = Australian Systematic Botany | volume = 20 | pages = 63–71 | doi = 10.1071/SB06016]

Distribution

All but one species of "B." ser. "Salicinae" are endemic to the east coast of Australia. The exception, "B. dentata" (Tropical Banksia) spreads across the north of Australia to the Kimberleys, and also occurs on
New Guinea and the Aru Islands.

Hybridization

Interbreeding in the wild has been reported between many members including:Fact|date=November 2007
*"B. paludosa" × "B. integrifolia"
*"B. marginata" × "B. integrifolia"
*"B. robur" × "B. oblongifolia"
*"B. marginata" × "B. conferta" subsp. "penicillata"
*"B. conferta" subsp. "conferta" × "B. integrifolia"

References

External links

*Flora of Australia Online|name="Banksia" ser. "Salicinae"|id=3384