Banksia spinulosa var. cunninghamii

taxobox
name = "Banksia spinulosa" var. "cunninghamii"


regnum = Plantae
unranked_divisio = Angiosperms
unranked_classis = Eudicots
ordo = Proteales
familia = Proteaceae
genus = "Banksia"
species = "B. spinulosa"
variety = "B. spinulosa" var. "cunninghamii"
trinomial = "Banksia spinulosa" var. "cunninghamii"
trinomial_authority = (Sieber ex Rchb.) A.S.George|

"Banksia spinulosa" var. "cunninghamii", sometimes given species rank as "Banksia cunninghamii", is a shrub that grows along the east coast of Australia, in Victoria and New South Wales. It is a fast-growing non-lignotuberous shrub or small tree infrequently cultivated.

Description

As with the other varieties of "B. spinulosa" (Hairpin Banksia), "B. spinulosa" var. "collina" grows as a multi-stemmed shrub with flower spikes that are all golden or golden with red or purple styles. Its leaves, flowers and fruit are all very similar to though of "B. spinulosa" var. "neoanglica" (Hill Banksia), but unlike this and all other varieties of "B. spinulosa", "B. spinulosa" var. "cunninghamii" lacks a lignotuber.The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)] cite encyclopedia | first = A. S. | last = George | authorlink = Alex George | year = 1999 | chapter = Banksia | editor = Wilson, Annette | title = Flora of Australia | volume = 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra | pages = 175–251 | publisher = CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study | id = ISBN 0-643-06454-0]

Taxonomy

"B. spinulosa" var. "cunninghamii" was first collected by Franz Sieber in 1823, from Mount York in the Blue Mountains of New South Wales. He gave it the name "Banksia cunninghamii" in honour of Alan Cunningham, and this name was honoured when a formal description of the taxon was published by Ludwig Reichenbach in 1827.APNI | name = "Banksia cunninghamii" Sieber ex Rchb. | id = 53272]

It retained its specific rank in Brown's 1830 arrangement of "Banksia", being placed between "B. spinulosa" and "B. collina (now "B. spinulosa" var. "collina") in subgenus "Banksia verae", the "True Banksias", because its inflorescence is a typical Banksia flower spike. It was placed immediately .cite book | author = Brown, Robert | year = 1830 | title = Supplementum Primum Prodromi Florae Novae Hollandiae | publisher = Taylor | location = London]

Over the next 26 years, three synonyms were published. The first, "Banksia lambertii", was published by Richard Courtois in 1833.APNI | name = "Banksia lambertii" Hort. ex Courtois | id = 54048] Then in 1853 Ferdinand von Mueller published "Banksia prionophylla".APNI | name = "Banksia prionophylla" F.Muell. | id = 262647] This was a "nomen nudum" until the following year, when Carl Meissner republished the name with a formal description.APNI | name = "Banksia prionophylla" F.Muell. ex Meisn. | id = 55035] This is now considered a taxonomic synonym of "B. spinulosa" var. "cunninghamii", although in 1981 Alf Salkin proposed to resurrect the name for the Victorian population, on grounds of the large distance (700 km) between forms, and some distinguishing characteristics.cite paper | last = Salkin | first = A. I. | title = Variation in Banksia in eastern Australia: an investigation using experimental methods | publisher = Monash University | year = 1979 | location = Clayton version = Masters thesis] A final synonym, "Banksia ledifolia", dates from 1856, when Meissner inexplicably listed the name as a synonym in his chapter on the Proteaceae for A. P. de Candolle's "Prodromus".APNI | name = "Banksia ledifolia" Meisn. | id = 54111]

"Banksia verae" was renamed "Eubanksia" by Stephan Endlicher in 1847, and in Meissner's 1856 classification it was demoted to sectional rank. Meissner further divided it into four series, with "B. cunninghamii" placed alongside "B. collina" in series "Salicinae" , while "B. spinulosa" was placed in series "Abietinae".cite book | author = Meissner, Carl | year = 1856 | chapter = Proteaceae | editor = A. P. de Candolle | title = Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis, pars decima quarta | url = http://www.botanicus.org/title.asp?barcode=31753003013338 | location = Paris | publisher = Sumptibus Victoris Masson]

When George Bentham published his 1870 arrangement in "Flora Australiensis", he discarded Meissner's series, placing all the species with hooked styles together in a section that he named "Oncostylis". "B. cunninghamii" was reduced to synonymy with "B. collina", which was placed next to "B. spinulosa" in section "Oncostylis".cite encyclopedia | author = Bentham, George | year = 1870 | title = "Banksia" | encyclopedia = | volume = Volume 5: Myoporineae to Proteaceae | pages = 541–562 | location = London | publisher = L. Reeve & Co.] This arrangement would stand for over a century.

Alex George published a new taxonomic arrangement of "Banksia" in his landmark 1981 monograph "The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)". Endlicher's "Eubanksia" became "B." subg. "Banksia", and was divided into three sections, one of which was "Oncostylis". "Oncostylis" was further divided into four series, with "B. spinulosa" placed in series "Spicigerae" because its inflorescences are cylindrical. "B. cunninghamii" was reinstated at variety rank as "B. spinulosa" var. "cunninghamii".

In 1996, Kevin Thiele and Pauline Ladiges published a new arrangement for the genus, after cladistic analyses yielded a cladogram significantly different from George's arrangement. Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement retained "B. spinulosa" var. "collina"'s position within the "B. spinulosa" complex, and retained "B. spinulosa" in series "Spicigerae", but placed the species alone in "B." subser. "Spinulosae".cite journal | author = Thiele, Kevin and Pauline Y. Ladiges | year = 1996 | title = A cladistic analysis of "Banksia" (Proteaceae) | journal = Australian Systematic Botany | volume = 9 | issue = 5 | pages = 661–733 | doi = 10.1071/SB9960661] This arrangement stood until 1999, when George effectively reverted to his 1981 arrangement in his monograph for the "Flora of Australia" series.

Under George's taxonomic arrangement of "Banksia", "B. spinulosa" var. "cunninghamii"'s taxonomic placement may be summarised as follows::Genus "Banksia"::Subgenus "Banksia":::Section "Banksia":::Section "Coccinea":::Section "Oncostylis"::::Series "Spicigerae":::::"B. spinulosa"::::::"B. spinulosa" var. "spinulosa"::::::"B. spinulosa" var. "collina"::::::"B. spinulosa" var. "neoanglica"::::::"B. spinulosa" var. "cunninghamii":::::"B. ericifolia":::::"B. verticillata":::::"B. seminuda":::::"B. littoralis":::::"B. occidentalis":::::"B. brownii"::::Series "Tricuspidae"::::Series "Dryandroidae"::::Series "Abietinae"::Subgenus "Isostylis"

Since 1998, Austin Mast has been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for the subtribe Banksiinae. His analyses suggest a phylogeny that is very greatly different to George's arrangement. George's and Thiele and Ladiges' positioning of "B. spinulosa" var. "cunninghamii" within "B. spinulosa" is supported, but "B. spinulosa"'s placement is not. Series "Spicigerae" appears to be polyphyletic, with "B. spinulosa" and "B. ericifolia" more closely related to the taxa in Series "Salicinae" than it is to the other members of series "Spicigerae".cite journal | author = Mast, Austin R. | year = 1998 | title = Molecular systematics of subtribe Banksiinae ("Banksia" and "Dryandra"; Proteaceae) based on cpDNA and nrDNA sequence data: implications for taxonomy and biogeography | journal = Australian Systematic Botany | volume = 11 | pages = 321–342 | doi = 10.1071/SB97026] cite journal | author = Mast, Austin R. and Thomas J. Givnish | year = 2002 | title = Historical biogeography and the origin of stomatal distributions in "Banksia" and "Dryandra" (Proteaceae) based on Their cpDNA phylogeny | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 89 | issue = 8 | pages = 1311–1323 | id = ISSN|0002-9122 | url = http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/89/8/1311 | accessdate=2006-07-02 | doi = 10.3732/ajb.89.8.1311] cite journal | author = Mast, Austin R., Eric H. Jones and Shawn P. Havery | year = 2005 | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | title = An assessment of old and new DNA sequence evidence for the paraphyly of "Banksia" with respect to "Dryandra" (Proteaceae) | journal = Australian Systematic Botany | pages = 75–88 | publisher = CSIRO Publishing / Australian Systematic Botany Society | doi = 10.1071/SB04015] Early in 2007, Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement of "Banksia" by merging "Dryandra" into it, and publishing "B." subg. "Spathulatae" for the species having spoon-shaped cotyledons. They foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of "Dryandra" was complete; in the meantime, if Mast and Thiele's nomenclatural changes are taken as an interim arrangement, then "B. spinulosa" var. "cunninghamii" is placed in "B." subg. "Spathulatae".cite journal | author = Mast, Austin R. and Kevin Thiele | year = 2007 | title = The transfer of "Dryandra" R.Br. to "Banksia" L.f. (Proteaceae) | journal = Australian Systematic Botany | volume = 20 | pages = 63–71 | doi = 10.1071/SB06016]

To date, the National Herbarium of New South Wales continues to treat this taxon as having species rank, referring to it as "B. cunninghamii". [http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Banksia~cunninghamii "Banksia cunninghamii" Sieber ex Rchb.] , PlantNET: The Plant Information Network System of the Botanic Gardens Trust.] Moreover, "B. spinulosa" var. "neoanglica" is considered a subspecies of it; this has no formal name, so is referred to by the manuscript name "Banksia cunninghamii" subsp. a sensu harden. [http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Banksia~cunninghamii "Banksia cunninghamii" Sieber ex Rchb.] , PlantNET: The Plant Information Network System of the Botanic Gardens Trust.]

Distribution and habitat

This taxon occurs along the coast from Melbourne, Victoria to the northern boundary of New South Wales, with large populations east of Melbourne, along the coast near the boundary of Victoria and New South Wales, and around Sydney. There are also many records of collections of this species in mountainous areas of northern New South Wales, but these probably need to be re-classified as "B. spinulosa" var. "neoanglica".The Banksia Atlas]

It mainly grows in sand, ofter over rock, but is also found in heavier soils. It is usually an understory shrub in open forests and woodlands of "Eucalyptus".

Cultivation

"B. spinulosa" var. "cunninghamii" is a fast-growing shrub that flowers in around five years from seed. The flower spikes are attractive but are often obscured by foliage. It prefers a well-drained heavy soil with some shade, and tolerates frost down to -8°C. It should be pruned only lightly, and not below the green foliage.The Banksia Book]

References

External links

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* [http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Banksia~cunninghamii "Banksia cunninghamii" Sieber ex Rchb.] , PlantNET: The Plant Information Network System of the Botanic Gardens Trust.
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