Banksia spinulosa var. collina

taxobox
name = "Banksia spinulosa" var. "collina"


image_caption = "B. spinulosa" var. "collina" 'Carnarvon Gold'
regnum = Plantae
unranked_divisio = Angiosperms
unranked_classis = Eudicots
ordo = Proteales
familia = Proteaceae
genus = "Banksia"
species = "B. spinulosa"
variety = "B. spinulosa" var. "collina"
trinomial = "Banksia spinulosa" var. "collina"
trinomial_authority = (R.Br.) A.S.George|

"Banksia spinulosa" var. "collina" is a shrub that grows along the east coast of Australia, in Queensland and New South Wales. Commonly known as Hill Banksia or Golden Candlesticks, it is a taxonomic variety of "B. spinulosa" (Hairpin Banksia). Widely sold in nurseries it is a popular garden plant.

Description

As with the other varieties of "B. spinulosa" (Hairpin Banksia), "B. spinulosa" var. "collina" grows as a multi-stemmed lignotuberous shrub with flower spikes that are all golden or golden with red or purple styles. Its leaves are broader than those of "B. spinulosa" var. "spinulosa", and usually but not always serrate. It can be distinguished from "B. spinulosa" var. "cunninghamii" by its lignotuber and resultant multi-stemmed habit.The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)] cite encyclopedia | first = A. S. | last = George | authorlink = Alex George | year = 1999 | chapter = Banksia | editor = Wilson, Annette | title = Flora of Australia | volume = 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra | pages = 175–251 | publisher = CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study | id = ISBN 0-643-06454-0]

Taxonomy

"B. spinulosa" var. "collina" was first published as "Banksia collina" by Robert Brown in 1810, based on specimens he found amongst hills in the vicinity of the Hunter River, New South Wales in New South Wales in 1802.APNI | name = "Banksia collina" R.Br. | id = 53086] The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae) "p. 394–396"] Brown did not give an explicit reason for the specific epithet "collina", but it is universally accepted that it is from the Latin "collinus" ("of hills"), in reference to the topography of the area in which he first found it.The Banksia Book] The species is in fact not restricted to hilly terrain, so the specific epithet is misleading.cite book | last = Wrigley | first = F. |coauthors = Fagg, M. | title = Banksias, Waratahs and Grevilleas | year = 1991 | publisher = Angus & Robertson | location = Sydney | isbn = 0-207-17277-3 "p." 117.] Brown apparently neglected to collect a specimen for the taxon, so a specimen collected by George Caley at Newcastle has since been declared a neotype.

It retained its specific rank in Brown's 1830 arrangement of "Banksia", being placed in subgenus "Banksia verae", the "True Banksias", because its inflorescence is a typical Banksia flower spike. It was placed immediately after "B. cunninghamii" (now "B. spinulosa" var. "cunninghamii") and "B. spinulosa", and before "B. occidentalis" (Red Swamp Banksia).cite book | author = Brown, Robert | year = 1830 | title = Supplementum Primum Prodromi Florae Novae Hollandiae | publisher = Taylor | location = London] "Banksia verae" was renamed "Eubanksia" by Stephan Endlicher in 1847.

Carl Meissner demoted "Eubanksia" to sectional rank in his 1856 classification, and divided it into four series, with "B. collina" placed alongside "B. cunninghamii" in series "Salicinae" , while "B. spinulosa" was placed in series "Abietinae".cite book | author = Meissner, Carl | year = 1856 | chapter = Proteaceae | editor = A. P. de Candolle | title = Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis, pars decima quarta | url = http://www.botanicus.org/title.asp?barcode=31753003013338 | location = Paris | publisher = Sumptibus Victoris Masson] The following year a taxonomic synonym was published: seeds of this variety must have been sent to Russia, as in 1857 the name "Banksia guentheri" was published by Eduard August von Regel, based on material cultivated in Leningrad; this has since been declared a taxonomic synonym of "B. spinulosa" var. "collina". This was determined to be a taxonomic synonym of "B. collina" shortly afterwards, and was formally declared a synonym of "B. spinulosa" var. "collina" by George in 1981.APNI | name = "Banksia guentheri" Regel | id = 53714] APNI | name = "Banksia guentheri" Regel | id = 53714]

When George Bentham published his 1870 arrangement in "Flora Australiensis", he discarded Meissner's series, placing all the species with hooked styles together in a section that he named "Oncostylis". "B. collina" was placed between "B. spinulosa" and "B. verticillata" (Granite Banksia), and both "B. cunninghamii" and the western species "B. littoralis" (Western Swamp Banksia) were reduced to synonymy with it.cite encyclopedia | author = Bentham, George | year = 1870 | title = "Banksia" | encyclopedia = | volume = Volume 5: Myoporineae to Proteaceae | pages = 541–562 | location = London | publisher = L. Reeve & Co.] This arrangement would stand for over a century.

A major disruption to the nomenclature of "Banksia" occurred in 1890, when Otto Kuntze transferred the entire genus into the new name "Sirmuellera". In the process he transferred "B. collina" to "Sirmuellera collina". This transfer was not accepted, however, and "Sirmuellera collina" (R.Br.) Kuntze is now considered a nomenclatural synonym of "B. s." var. "collina".APNI | name = "Sirmuellera collina" R.Br. (Kuntze) | id = 22893]

Alex George published a new taxonomic arrangement of "Banksia" in his landmark 1981 monograph "The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)". Endlicher's "Eubanksia" became "B." subg. "Banksia", and was divided into three sections, one of which was "Oncostylis". "Oncostylis" was further divided into four series, with "B. spinulosa" placed in series "Spicigerae" because its inflorescences are cylindrical. "B. collina" was demoted to one of three varieties of "B. spinulosa", and placed between "B. spinulosa" var. "spinulosa" and "B. spinulosa" var. "cunninghamii".

In 1996, Kevin Thiele and Pauline Ladiges published a new arrangement for the genus, after cladistic analyses yielded a cladogram significantly different from George's arrangement. Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement retained "B. spinulosa" var. "collina"'s position within the "B. spinulosa" complex, and retained "B. spinulosa" in series "Spicigerae", but placed the species alone in "B." subser. "Spinulosae".cite journal | author = Thiele, Kevin and Pauline Y. Ladiges | year = 1996 | title = A cladistic analysis of "Banksia" (Proteaceae) | journal = Australian Systematic Botany | volume = 9 | issue = 5 | pages = 661–733 | doi = 10.1071/SB9960661] This arrangement stood until 1999, when George effectively reverted to his 1981 arrangement in his monograph for the "Flora of Australia" series.

Under George's taxonomic arrangement of "Banksia", "B. spinulosa" var. "collina"'s taxonomic placement may be summarised as follows::Genus "Banksia"::Subgenus "Banksia":::Section "Banksia":::Section "Coccinea":::Section "Oncostylis"::::Series "Spicigerae":::::"B. spinulosa"::::::"B. spinulosa" var. "spinulosa"::::::"B. spinulosa" var. "collina"::::::"B. spinulosa" var. "neoanglica"::::::"B. spinulosa" var. "cunninghamii":::::"B. ericifolia":::::"B. verticillata":::::"B. seminuda":::::"B. littoralis":::::"B. occidentalis":::::"B. brownii"::::Series "Tricuspidae"::::Series "Dryandroidae"::::Series "Abietinae"::Subgenus "Isostylis"

Since 1998, Austin Mast has been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for the subtribe Banksiinae. His analyses suggest a phylogeny that is very greatly different to George's arrangement. George's and Thiele and Ladiges' positioning of "B. spinulosa" var. "collina" within "B. spinulosa" is supported, but "B. spinulosa"'s placement is not. Series "Spicigerae" appears to be polyphyletic, with "B. spinulosa" and "B. ericifolia" more closely related to the taxa in Series "Salicinae" than it is to the other members of series "Spicigerae".cite journal | author = Mast, Austin R. | year = 1998 | title = Molecular systematics of subtribe Banksiinae ("Banksia" and "Dryandra"; Proteaceae) based on cpDNA and nrDNA sequence data: implications for taxonomy and biogeography | journal = Australian Systematic Botany | volume = 11 | pages = 321–342 | doi = 10.1071/SB97026] cite journal | author = Mast, Austin R. and Thomas J. Givnish | year = 2002 | title = Historical biogeography and the origin of stomatal distributions in "Banksia" and "Dryandra" (Proteaceae) based on Their cpDNA phylogeny | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 89 | issue = 8 | pages = 1311–1323 | id = ISSN|0002-9122 | url = http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/89/8/1311 | accessdate=2006-07-02 | doi = 10.3732/ajb.89.8.1311] cite journal | author = Mast, Austin R., Eric H. Jones and Shawn P. Havery | year = 2005 | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | title = An assessment of old and new DNA sequence evidence for the paraphyly of "Banksia" with respect to "Dryandra" (Proteaceae) | journal = Australian Systematic Botany | pages = 75–88 | publisher = CSIRO Publishing / Australian Systematic Botany Society | doi = 10.1071/SB04015] Early in 2007, Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement of "Banksia" by merging "Dryandra" into it, and publishing "B." subg. "Spathulatae" for the species having spoon-shaped cotyledons. They foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of "Dryandra" was complete; in the meantime, if Mast and Thiele's nomenclatural changes are taken as an interim arrangement, then "B. spinulosa" var. "collina" is placed in "B." subg. "Spathulatae".cite journal | author = Mast, Austin R. and Kevin Thiele | year = 2007 | title = The transfer of "Dryandra" R.Br. to "Banksia" L.f. (Proteaceae) | journal = Australian Systematic Botany | volume = 20 | pages = 63–71 | doi = 10.1071/SB06016]

Distribution and habitat

It mainly occurs along the coast from Gympie in Queensland south to Sydney. There are also outlying populations at Carnarvon National Park (around 500 kilometres from any other population), Crows Nest and Mount Barney National Park in Queensland, and at Boonoo Boonoo. It mainly grows in sand overlying sandstone, but also occurs in heavier soils. It is usually an understory shrub in open forests and woodlands of "Eucalyptus".The Banksia Atlas]

Cultivation

[
George Bentham to "B. spinulosa" var. "collina", was featured in "Curtis's Botanical Magazine" in 1831.] As with other varieties of "B. spinulosa" it is considered attractive, but is highly variable. It grows slowly, taking up to eight years to flower. It tolerates a range of soil conditions and aspects, survives frosts down to at least -8°C, and may be pruned heavily.The Banksia Book]

Commercial forms of this variety include "Banksia" "Stumpy Gold" from the NSW Central Coast, and the unusual "Banksia" "Carnarvon Gold" from Carnarvon National Park.

References

External links

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* [http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=in&name=Banksia~spinulosa~var.+collina "Banksia spinulosa" var. "collina" (R.Br.) A.S.George] , PlantNET: The Plant Information Network System of the Botanic Gardens Trust.
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