Banksia ser. Abietinae

taxobox
name = "Banksia" ser. "Abietinae"

---

image_caption = "B. pulchella" (Teasel Banksia), a species in "B." ser. "Abietinae".
regnum = Plantae
unranked_divisio = Angiosperms
unranked_classis = Eudicots
ordo = Proteales
familia = Proteaceae
genus = "Banksia"
series = "B." ser. "Abietinae"
series_authority = Meisn.|

"Banksia" ser. "Abietinae" is a valid botanic name for a series of "Banksia". First published by Carl Meissner in 1856, the name has had three circumscriptions.

According to Meissner

"B." ser. "Abietinae" was first published in 1856, in Carl Meissner's chapter on the Proteaceae in A. P. de Candolle's "Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis". It was one of four series into which the subgenus "Eubanksia" was divided. These four series were defined in terms of leaf characters, with series "Abietinae" containing the species with entire or shortly denticulate leaves with revolute margins.cite encyclopedia | author = Meissner, Carl | year = 1856 | chapter = Proteaceae | editor = de Candolle, A. P. | encyclopedia = Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis | volume = 14 | location = Paris | publisher = Sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et Wurtz] In hindsight, it was the most homogeneous of the four series, as it contained only (but not all) species with hooked styles. The other three series were highly heterogeneous in comparison.The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)] The placement and circumscription of "B." ser. "Abietinae" in Meissner's arrangement may be summarised as follows::"Banksia"::"B." sect. "Eubanksia":::"B." ser. "Abietinæ"::::"B. pulchella"::::"B. Meisneri"::::"B. sphærocarpa":::::"B. sphaerocarpa" var. "glabrescens" (now "B. incana")::::"B. pinifolia" (now "B. leptophylla")::::"B. nutans"::::"B. ericifolia"::::"B. spinulosa"::::"B. tricuspis":::"B." ser. "Salicinæ" (23 species, 8 varieties):::"B." ser. "Quercinæ" (18 species, 2 varieties):::"B." ser. "Dryandroideæ" (8 species)::"B." sect.Isostylis" (1 species)

Meissner's arrangement was current until 1870, when George Bentham published his arrangement, discarding all four of Meissner's series.cite encyclopedia | author = Bentham, George | year = 1870 | title = Banksia | encyclopedia = Flora Australiensis | volume = Volume 5: Myoporineae to Proteaceae | pages = 541–562 | location = London | publisher = L. Reeve & Co.]

According to George

In 1981, Alex George published a thorough revision of "Banksia" in his classic monograph "The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)". He reinstated "B." ser. "Abietinae", placing it within "B." sect. "Oncostylis", and defining it as containing only those species with entire, linear leaves with revolute margins, and having roughly spherical inflorescences. Thus three species with elongate cylindrical inflorescences were moved into separate series.

The placement and circumscription of "B." ser. "Abietinae" in George's taxonomic arrangement of "Banksia" may be summarised as follows:cite encyclopedia | last = George | first = Alex S. | authorlink = Alex George | year = 1999 | title = Banksia | editor = Wilson, Annette (ed.) | encyclopedia = Flora of Australia | volume = Volume 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra | pages = 175–251 | location = Collingwood, Victoria | publisher = CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study | id = ISBN 0-643-06454-0] :"Banksia"::"B." subg. "Banksia":::"B." sect. "Banksia" (9 series, 50 species, 9 subspecies, 3 varieties):::"B." sect. "Coccinea" (1 species):::"B." sect. "Oncostylis"::::"B." ser. "Spicigerae" (7 species, 2 subspecies, 4 varieties)::::"B." ser. "Tricuspidae" (1 species)::::"B." ser. "Dryandroideae" (1 species)::::"B." ser. "Abietinae":::::"B. sphaerocarpa"::::::"B. s." var. "sphaerocarpa"::::::"B. s." var. "caesia"::::::"B. s." var. "dolichostyla":::::"B. micrantha":::::"B. grossa":::::"B. telmatiaea":::::"B. leptophylla"::::::"B. l." var. "leptophylla"::::::"B. l." var. "melletica":::::"B. lanata":::::"B. scabrella":::::"B. violacea":::::"B. incana":::::"B. laricina":::::"B. pulchella":::::"B. meisneri"::::::"B. m." subsp. "meisneri"::::::"B. m." subsp. "ascendens":::::"B. nutans"::::::"B. n." var. "nutans"::::::"B. n." var. "cernuella"::"B." subg. "Isostylis" (3 species)

According to Thiele and Ladiges

In 1996, Kevin Thiele and Pauline Ladiges undertook a cladistic analysis of morphological characters of "Banksia", which yielded a phylogeny somewhat at odds with George's taxonomic arrangement. Their cladogram included a clade consisting of the members of "B." ser. "Abietinae" sensu George, and also "B. tricuspis" (Lesueur Banksia):

clade
1=clade
1=clade
1="B. nutans" var. "nutans"
2="B. nutans" var. "cernuella"
2=clade
1="B. violacea"
2=clade
1=clade
1="B. laricina"
2=clade
1="B. incana"
2="B. tricuspis"
2=clade
1="B. pulchella"
2=clade
1="B. meisneri" var. "meisneri"
2="B. meisneri" var. "ascendans"
2=clade
1=clade
1="B. grossa"
2=clade
1="B. dolichostyla" (now "B. sphaerocarpa" var. "dolichostyla")
2=clade
1="B. micrantha"
2=clade
1="B. sphaerocarpa" var. "sphaerocarpa"
2="B. sphaerocarpa" var. "caesia"
2=clade
1="B. telmatiaea"
2=clade
1="B. scabrella"
2=clade
1="B. leptophylla" var. "melletica"
2=clade
1="B. leptophylla" var. "leptophylla"
2="B. lanata"

Thiele and Ladiges therefore retained George's "B." ser. "Abietinae" largely intact, but transferred "Banksia tricuspis" (Lesueur Banksia) back into it. They then further divided it into four subseries, in accordance with the resolution of clades in their analysis. The placement and circumscription of "B." ser. "Abietinae" in Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement may be summarised as follows:cite journal | author = Thiele, Kevin and Pauline Y. Ladiges | year = 1996 | title = A Cladistic Analysis of Banksia (Proteaceae) | journal = Australian Systematic Botany | volume = 9 | issue = 5 | pages = 661–733 | doi = 10.1071/SB9960661] :"Banksia"::"B." subg. "Isostylis" (3 species)::"B. elegans" (incertae sedis)"::"B." subg. "Banksia":::"B." ser. "Tetragonae" (4 species):::"B." ser. "Lindleyanae" (1 species):::"B." ser. "Banksia" (2 subseries, 12 species):::"B. baueri" (incertae sedis)":::"B. lullfitzii" (incertae sedis)":::"B. attenuata" (incertae sedis)":::"B. ashbyi" (incertae sedis)":::"B. coccinea" (incertae sedis)":::"B." ser. "Prostratae" (8 species):::"B." ser. "Cyrtostylis" (4 species):::"B." ser. "Ochraceae" (3 species, 2 subspecies):::"B." ser. "Grandes" (2 species):::"B." ser. "Salicinae" (2 subseries, 11 species, 4 subspecies):::"B." ser. "Spicigerae" (3 subseries, 7 species, 6 varieties):::"B." ser. "Quercinae" (2 species):::"B." ser. "Dryandroideae" (1 species):::"Banksia" ser. "Abietinae"::::"Banksia" subser. "Nutantes":::::"B. nutans"::::::"B. n." var. "nutans"::::::"B. n." var. "cernuella"::::"Banksia" subser. "Sphaerocarpae":::::"B. grossa":::::"B. dolichostyla" (now "B. sphaerocarpa" var. "dolichostyla"):::::"B. micrantha":::::"B. sphaerocarpa"::::::"B. s." var. "sphaerocarpa"::::::"B. s." var. "caesia"::::"Banksia" subser. "Leptophyllae":::::"B. telmatiaea":::::"B. scabrella":::::"B. leptophylla"::::::"B. l." var. "melletica"::::::"B. l." var. "leptophylla":::::"B. lanata"::::"Banksia" subser. "Longistyles":::::"B. violacea":::::"B. laricina":::::"B. incana":::::"B. tricuspis":::::"B. pulchella":::::"B. meisneri"::::::"B. m." var. "meisneri"::::::"B. m." var. "ascendens"

Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement remained current only until 1999, when George's treatment of the genus for the "Flora of Australia" series of monographs was published. This was essentially a revision of George's 1981 arrangement, which took into account some of Thiele and Ladiges' data, but rejected their overall arrangement. With respect to "B." ser. "Abietinae", George's 1999 arrangement differed from his 1981 arrangement only in the ordering of the species.

Recent developments

Since 1998, Austin Mast has been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for the subtribe Banksiinae. His analyses suggest a phylogeny that is very greatly different to George's taxonomic arrangement, including finding "Banksia" to be paraphyletic with respect to "Dryandra".cite journal | author = Mast, Austin R. | year = 1998 | title = Molecular systematics of subtribe Banksiinae ("Banksia" and "Dryandra"; Proteaceae) based on cpDNA and nrDNA sequence data: implications for taxonomy and biogeography | journal = Australian Systematic Botany | volume = 11 | pages = 321–342 | doi = 10.1071/SB97026] cite journal | author = Mast, Austin R. and Thomas J. Givnish | year = 2002 | title = Historical biogeography and the origin of stomatal distributions in "Banksia" and "Dryandra" (Proteaceae) based on Their cpDNA phylogeny | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 89 | issue = 8 | pages = 1311–1323 | id = ISSN|0002-9122 | url = http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/89/8/1311 | accessdate=2006-07-02 | doi = 10.3732/ajb.89.8.1311] cite journal | author = Mast, Austin R., Eric H. Jones and Shawn P. Havery | year = 2005 | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | title = An assessment of old and new DNA sequence evidence for the paraphyly of "Banksia" with respect to "Dryandra" (Proteaceae) | journal = Australian Systematic Botany | pages = 75–88 | publisher = CSIRO Publishing / Australian Systematic Botany Society | doi = 10.1071/SB04015] Early in 2007 Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement of "Banksia" by transferring "Dryandra" into it, and publishing "B." subg. "Spathulatae" for the species having spoon-shaped cotyledons. "Abietinae" all fall within Mast and Thiele's "B." subg. "Spathulatae", and for the most part fall close together. However "B. nutans" (Nodding Banksia) appears to be rather less closely related to the other species in series "Abietinae" than are "Banksia dryandroides" (Dryandra-leaved Banksia) and the members of "B." ser. "Grandes". Mast and Thiele have foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of "Dryandra" is complete.cite journal | first = Austin | last = Mast | authorlink = Austin Mast | coauthors = Kevin Thiele | year = 2007 | title = The transfer of Dryandra R.Br. to Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae) | journal = Australian Systematic Botany | volume = 20 | pages = 63–71 | doi = 10.1071/SB06016]

References

External links

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