Philip Chetwode, 1st Baron Chetwode

The Lord Chetwode
Chetwode (foreground) at El Arish, Egypt, January 1917
Born	21 September 1869 Westminster, London, England
Died	6 July 1950 (aged 80) Marylebone, London, England
Allegiance	United Kingdom
Service/branch	British Army
Years of service	1889–1935
Rank	Field Marshal
Commands held	Commander-in-Chief, India Chief of General Staff in India XX Corps Desert Column
Battles/wars	Second Boer War Siege of Ladysmith World War I Western Front First Battle of the Marne First Battle of the Aisne Second Battle of Ypres First Battle of Gaza Second Battle of Gaza Third Battle of Gaza Battle of Jerusalem Battle of Megiddo
Awards	Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath Order of Merit Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of India Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George Distinguished Service Order
Other work	Constable of the Tower President of the Royal Geographical Society

Field Marshal Philip Walhouse Chetwode, 1st Baron Chetwode, 7th Baronet of Oakley, GCB, OM, GCSI, KCMG, DSO (21 September 1869 – 6 July 1950) was a British cavalry officer who became Commander in Chief in India.

Early life and education

Chetwode was the son of Sir George Chetwode, 6th Baronet, and Alice Jane Bass daughter of Michael Thomas Bass the brewer. He was educated at Eton, where he was an athlete of some distinction, and entered the army through the Militia with his first commission being in the 3rd battalion the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry. He then received a regular commission with the 19th Hussars in 1889,^[1] giving him early acquaintance with both light infantry and cavalry.

War service

Field Marshal Chetwood

Chetwode first saw active service in the Chinwir Hills expedition in Burma from 1892 to 1893^[1] and later in the Second Boer War^[1] where he took part in the defence of Ladysmith. In 1906, he became assistant military secretary to Sir John French and in 1908 was given command of a regiment in a cavalry brigade under the command of Edmund Allenby. In World War I, he served on the Western Front in smaller cavalry commands with little distinction. His 5th Cavalry brigade^[1] helped cover the retreat from the frontier, and checked the pursuing Germans at Cerizy. Later in the First Battle of the Marne, Chetwode's Brigade joined with Sir Hubert Gough to become the 2nd Cavalry division.^[1] Gough had been behind the Curragh incident of March 1914 and Chetwode's willingness replace him on his temporary resignation had caused some ill feeling. During this phase, there was some criticism of Sir Philip's caution in pursuit. After the British Army was held at the First Battle of the Aisne, Chetwode went up to Flanders and took part in the Second Battle of Ypres. With the war in Europe become bogged down in trench warfare, Chetwode was lucky to be transferred to the near East in December 1916 commanding the Desert Column^[1] in the Egyptian Expeditionary Force under Sir Archibald Murray. In 1917 he commanded a Cavalry Division at the First Battle of Gaza and the Second Battle of Gaza.

When Edmund Allenby took command of the Allied forces in Palestine, Chetwode was promoted to command of XX Corps.^[1] He led the corps with distinction at the Third Battle of Gaza. He led the main attack at the Battle of Jerusalem,^[1] capturing the city after one day of fighting. The next year he again led his corps with distinction at the Battle of Megiddo.

He was portrayed in the film Lawrence of Arabia, albeit very briefly, by John Robinson, during the British staff officers' meeting in Syria. (The character is not specifically named as Chetwode, but he is an infantry general named "Philip.")^{[citation needed]}

Service in India and after

After the war Chetwode had a number of staff appointments serving as Military Secretary from 1919,^[1] Deputy Chief of the Imperial General Staff from 1920,^[1] Adjutant-General to the Forces from 1922^[1] and Commander in Chief Aldershot Command from 1923.^[1] He was promoted to General in 1926. In 1927 he became Chief of General Staff in India^[1] and in 1930 was appointed Commander-in-Chief, India.^[1] He was promoted to field marshal in 1933. He was much concerned with the modernisation and "Indianisation" of the army in India. The main building and its central hall at the Indian Military Academy is named after him. The credo of the Academy, engraved on the entrance to the central hall, is a passage from his address delivered at the formal inauguration of the Academy in 1932 - "The safety, honour and welfare of your country come first, always and every time. The honour, welfare and comfort of the men you command come next. Your own ease, comfort and safety come last, always and every time." This is known as the "Chetwode Motto" and is the motto of the officers passing out from the IMA.

He returned from India, in 1936. He received the OM and an Honorary DCL at Oxford the same year. His other awards included the Croix de Guerre, Order of the Nile 2nd Class, Order of the Sacred Treasure 1st Class and other foreign orders. He was Constable of the Tower from 1943 to 1948 and was Commander of the Legion of Honour. He was also President of the Royal Geographical Society.

In his tenure as Commander-in-Chief, India, Chetwode was an opponent of replacing horses with tanks; he "made the surprising pronouncement that the Army in India would be unlikely to adopt tanks for a very long time, and then only to keep up the momentum of horsed cavalry."^[2]

Family

He married Hester (Star) Alice Camilla Stapleton Cotton and had a son and daughter. Their daughter, Penelope married John Betjeman the poet (later Poet Laureate) and had a son Paul and daughter Candida Lycett Green. Chetwode's sister Florence was married to General Birch.

Honours and awards

British

• Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (1929)
• Member of the Order of Merit (1936)
• Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India (1930)
• Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (1917)
• Knight Commander Order of the Bath (1918)
• Distinguished Service Order (1900)
• Honorary DCL from Oxford University

Foreign

• Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France)
• Order of the Nile, 2nd class (Egypt)
• Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari (Poland, 15 February 1942)
• Order of the Sacred Treasure, 1st class (Japan)
• Commander of the Legion of Honour (France)

Styles

• 1869-1889: Philip Walhouse Chetwode
• 1889-1893: Second Lieutenant Philip Walhouse Chetwode
• 1893-1897: Lieutenant Philip Walhouse Chetwode
• 1897-1901: Captain Philip Walhouse Chetwode
• 1901-1902: Captain Philip Walhouse Chetwode, DSO
• 1902-1905: Major Philip Walhouse Chetwode, DSO
• 1905-1908: Major Sir Philip Walhouse Chetwode, Bt, DSO
• 1908-1912: Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Philip Walhouse Chetwode, Bt, DSO
• 1912-1914: Colonel Sir Philip Walhouse Chetwode, Bt, DSO
• 1914-18 February 1915: Colonel (Temp. Brigadier) Sir Philip Walhouse Chetwode, Bt, DSO
• 18 February-15 July 1915: Colonel (Temp. Brigadier) Sir Philip Walhouse Chetwode, Bt, CB, DSO
• 15 July 1915-1916: Colonel (Temp. Major-General) Sir Philip Walhouse Chetwode, Bt, CB, DSO
• 1916-1917: Major-General (Temp. Lieutenant-General) Sir Philip Walhouse Chetwode, Bt, CB, DSO
• 1917-1918: Major-General (Temp. Lieutenant-General) Sir Philip Walhouse Chetwode, Bt, KCMG, CB, DSO
• 1918-1919: Major-General (Temp. Lieutenant-General) Sir Philip Walhouse Chetwode, Bt, KCB, KCMG, DSO
• 1919-1926: Lieutenant-General Sir Philip Walhouse Chetwode, Bt, KCB, KCMG, DSO
• 1926-1929: General Sir Philip Walhouse Chetwode, Bt, KCB, KCMG, DSO
• 1929-1933: General Sir Philip Walhouse Chetwode, Bt, GCB, KCMG, DSO
• 1933-1934: Field Marshal Sir Philip Walhouse Chetwode, Bt, GCB, KCMG, DSO
• 1934-1936: Field Marshal Sir Philip Walhouse Chetwode, Bt, GCB, GCSI, KCMG, DSO
• 1936-1945: Field Marshal Sir Philip Walhouse Chetwode, Bt, GCB, OM, GCSI, KCMG, DSO
• 1945-1950: Field Marshal the Right Honourable the Lord Chetwode, Bt, GCB, OM, GCSI, KCMG, DSO

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n} Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives
2. ^ Dixon, Norman (1976). On the Psychology of Military Incompetence. London: Jonathan Cape. pp. 117. ISBN 0 224 01161 8. 

• Leigh Rayment's Peerage Pages
• www.thepeerage.com

External links

Military offices
Preceded by New Post	General Officer Commanding XX Corps 1917–1918	Succeeded by Post Disbanded
Preceded by Sir Francis Davies	Military Secretary 1919–1920	Succeeded by Sir Alexander Godley
Preceded by Sir Charles Harington	Deputy Chief of the Imperial General Staff 1920–1922	Succeeded by Post disbanded
Preceded by Sir George Macdonogh	Adjutant General 1922–1923	Succeeded by Sir Robert Whigham
Preceded by Sir Thomas Morland	GOC-in-C Aldershot Command 1923–1927	Succeeded by Sir David Campbell
Preceded by Sir William Robertson	Colonel of the Royal Scots Greys 1925–1947	Succeeded by George Todd
Preceded by The Lord Birdwood	Commander-in-Chief, India 1930–1935	Succeeded by Sir Robert Cassels
Honorary titles
Preceded by Sir Claude Jacob	Constable of the Tower of London 1943–1948	Succeeded by The Earl Wavell
Peerage of the United Kingdom
New creation	Baron Chetwode 1945–1950	Succeeded by Philip Chetwode
Baronetage of England
Preceded by George Chetwode	Baronet (of Oakley) 1905–1950	Succeeded by Philip Chetwode

Persondata
Name	Chetwode, Philip 1st Baron Chetwode
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	21 September 1869
Place of birth	Westminster, London, England
Date of death	6 July 1950
Place of death	Marylebone, London, England