- Geography of Saint Petersburg
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Main article: Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg is a city and a federal subject located in Northwestern Federal District of Russia on the Neva River at the east end of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea.
Satellite picture of St. Peterburg
Territory of the federal subject of St. PetersburgAs of now the area of the city of Saint Petersburg proper is 605.8 km². As a federal subject Saint Petersburg contains, besides Saint Petersburg proper, a number of towns (Kolpino, Krasnoye Selo, Kronstadt, Lomonosov, Pavlovsk, Petergof, Pushkin, Sestroretsk and Zelenogorsk), 21 municipal settlements, as well as rural localities. The total territory of the federal subject as of now comprises 1439 km².
The federal subject and city of Saint Petersburg is situated on the middle taiga lowlands along the shores of the Neva Bay of the Gulf of Finland, along the shores of the lower reaches of the River Neva itself and on the numerous islands of the river delta. Vasilyevsky island is the largest of them (not counting the unnamed artificial island formed by Obvodny canal and Fontanka and the island Kotlin of the Neva Bay), followed by Petrogradsky, Dekabristov and Krestovsky. The latter together with Yelagin and Kamenny island forms the so-called Kirovskiye islands, covered mostly by parks.
To the north of the city lies the Karelian Isthmus, a popular area of summer resort for its citizens, while in the south Saint Petersburg crosses the Baltic-Ladoga Klint and meets the Izhora Plateau.
The elevation of Saint Petersburg ranges from the sea level to its highest point of 175.9 m (577') at the Orekhovaya hill in the Duderhof Heights in the south. However, the historical city center (except the area between Liteyny Prospekt and Smolnaya Embankment) is situated lower than 4 m and has suffered from flooding about 300 times in its history. Floods in Saint Petersburg are triggered by a long wave in the Baltic Sea, developing regularly under some meteorological conditions and amplified by favorable winds and shallowness of the Neva Bay. The most disastrous floods occurred in 1824 (421 cm above sea-level[1]), 1924 (380 cm), 1777 (321 cm), 1955 (293 cm) and 1975 (281 cm.). The Saint Petersburg Dam to prevent floods was completed in August 2011, after a lengthy period of construction beginning in 1979.[2]
Since the 18th century the terrain in the city centre has been steadily raised artificially, at some places by more than 4 m. The hydrology of the city center and the number of islands have also changed dramatically.
Besides Neva and its distributaries, other important rivers of the federal subject of Saint Petersburg are Sestra, Okhta and Izhora. The largest lake is Sestroretsky Razliv in the north, outside of the limits of Saint Petersburg proper. Lakhtinsky Razliv and Suzdal Lakes are smaller lakes within the northern limits of the city.
St. Petersburg's position on the latitude of ca. 60° N, less than seven degrees to the south of the Arctic Circle, leads to a huge variation in day length across seasons, ranging from 5:53 to 18:50, and causes twilight to last all night in early summer, from June to mid-July, the celebrated phenomenon known as the white nights.
Contents
Climate
Hotel Astoria in winterSaint Petersburg experiences a humid continental climate of the cool summer subtype (Köppen: Dfb), due to the distinct moderating influence of the Baltic Sea cyclones. Summers are typically cool, humid and quite short, while winters are long, cold, but with frequent warm spells. The average winter minimum is about -27°C (-17°F), the record low temperature is -35.9°C (-33°F), recorded in 1883. Solid frozen ground is a normal part of winter there. The River Neva within the city limits usually freezes up in November-December, break-up occurs in April. On average there are 123 days with snow cover (stable from December to March), which reaches the average of 24 cm (9.5") by February. The frost-free period in the city lasts on average for about 135 days. There is some temperature variation within the city limits and the city itself experiences a climate slightly warmer than its suburbs. Weather conditions are, however, quite variable all over the year.[3]
The highest temperatures of July and August were reached in 2010.
Average annual precipitation varies across the city, being about 600–750 mm per year on average and reaching maximum in late summer and in the north. Though this number is not high by itself, soil moisture is almost always excessive because of low evapotranspiration due to the cool climate. Relative humidity of air is also high (78% on average), overcast is common all over the year (165 days a year on average).
Climate data for Saint Petersburg Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 8.6
(47.5)10.2
(50.4)14.9
(58.8)25.3
(77.5)30.9
(87.6)34.6
(94.3)35.3
(95.5)37.1
(98.8)30.4
(86.7)21.0
(69.8)12.3
(54.1)10.9
(51.6)37.1
(98.8)Average high °C (°F) −3.6
(25.5)−3.3
(26.1)1.8
(35.2)8.5
(47.3)15.6
(60.1)20.2
(68.4)22.2
(72.0)20.2
(68.4)14.4
(57.9)8.1
(46.6)1.8
(35.2)−1.7
(28.9)8.8 Average low °C (°F) −8.8
(16.2)−8.8
(16.2)−4.2
(24.4)1.0
(33.8)6.6
(43.9)11.8
(53.2)14.4
(57.9)13.0
(55.4)8.1
(46.6)3.4
(38.1)−2.1
(28.2)−6.4
(20.5)2.4 Record low °C (°F) −35.9
(−32.6)−35.2
(−31.4)−29.9
(−21.8)−21.8
(−7.2)−6.6
(20.1)0.1
(32.2)4.9
(40.8)1.3
(34.3)−3.1
(26.4)−12.9
(8.8)−22.2
(−8.0)−34.4
(−29.9)−35.9
(−32.6)Precipitation mm (inches) 40
(1.57)31
(1.22)35
(1.38)33
(1.3)38
(1.5)64
(2.52)78
(3.07)77
(3.03)67
(2.64)65
(2.56)56
(2.2)49
(1.93)633
(24.92)Sunshine hours 21.7 53.2 124.0 180.0 260.4 276.0 266.6 213.9 129.0 71.3 24.0 12.4 1,632.5 Source no. 1: Pogoda.ru.net[4] Source no. 2: HKO (sunshine hours)[5] See also
References
- ^ The level of flooding is usually measured at a point near Saint Petersburg Mining Institute, which is normally 11 cm a.s.l.
- ^ Нежиховский Р. А. Река Нева и Невская губа, Leningrad: Гидрометеоиздат, 1981.
- ^ See Historical weather records for Saint Petersburg (since 1932) and Historical weather in Saint Petersburg for further information.
- ^ "Pogoda.ru.net" (in Russian). http://pogoda.ru.net/climate/26063.htm. Retrieved July 29, 2007.
- ^ "Climatological Information for St.Petersburg, Russia". Hong Kong Observatory. http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/europe/russia/st_petersburg_e.htm. Retrieved 2011-04-08.
Further reading
- Jones, P. D. & D. H. Lister (2002). The Daily Temperature Record for St. Petersburg (1743–1996). Climatic Change 53 (1-3), 253-267.
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