James Freeman Clarke

James Freeman Clarke.

James Freeman Clarke (April 4, 1810 – June 8, 1888), an American theologian and author.

Biography

Born in Hanover, New Hampshire, James Freeman Clarke attended the Boston Latin School, graduated from Harvard College in 1829, and Harvard Divinity School in 1833. Ordained into the Unitarian church he first became an active minister at Louisville, Kentucky, then a slave state and soon threw himself into the national movement for the abolition of slavery.

In 1839 he returned to Boston, where he and his friends established (1841) the Church of the Disciples which brought together a body of people to apply the Christian religion to social problems of the day. One of the features which distinguished his church was Clarke's belief that ordination could make no distinction between him and them. They also were called to be ministers of the highest religious life. Of this church he was the minister from 1841 until 1850 and from 1854 until his death. He was also secretary of the Unitarian Association and, in 1867-1871 professor of natural religion and Christian doctrine at Harvard.

Clarke contributed essays to The Christian Examiner, The Christian Inquirer, The Christian Register, The Dial, Harper's, The Index, and Atlantic Monthly. In addition to sermons, speeches, hymnals, and liturgies, he published 28 books and over 120 pamphlets during his lifetime. Clarke edited the Western Messenger, a magazine intended to carry to readers in the Mississippi Valley simple statements of liberal religion, and what were then the most radical appeals to national duty, and the abolition of slavery. Copies of this magazine are now of value to collectors as they contained the earliest printed poems of Ralph Waldo Emerson, a personal friend and a distant cousin.^[1] Clarke became a member of the Transcendental Club alongside Emerson and several others.^[2] Many of Clarke's earlier published writings were addressed to the immediate need of establishing a larger theory of religion than that espoused by people who were still under the influence Calvinism, or as an American phrase states the "Hard-shelled Churches."

For the Western Messenger, Clarke requested written contributions from Margaret Fuller. Clarke published Fuller's first literary review—criticisms of recent biographies on George Crabbe and Hannah More.^[3] She later became the first full-time book reviewer in journalism working for Horace Greeley's New York Tribune.^[4] After Fuller's death in 1850, Clarke worked with William Henry Channing and Emerson as editors of The Memoirs of Margaret Fuller, published in February 1852.^[5] The trio censored or reworded many of Fuller's letters;^[6] they believed the public interest in Fuller would be temporary and that she would not survive as a historical figure.^[7] Nevertheless, for a time, the book was the best-selling biography of the decade and went through thirteen editions before the end of the century.^[5]

In 1855, Clarke purchased the former site of Brook Farm, intending to start a new Utopian community there. This never came to pass, instead the land was offered to President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War; the Second Massachusetts Regiment used it for training and named it "Camp Andrew".^[8] In November 1861, Clarke was in Washington, D.C. with Samuel Gridley Howe and Julia Ward Howe. After hearing the song "John Brown's Body", he suggested that Mrs. Howe write new lyrics; the result was "The Battle Hymn of the Republic".^[9]

Clarke was an advocate of human rights. Being a Boston Latin School alumnus, he served on a committee of the Massachusetts Society for the University Education of Women which was greatly instrumental in the establishing Girls' Latin School in 1878. Tempered and moderate in his views of life, he was a reformer and a conciliator and never had to carry a pistol as fellow preacher Theodore Parker did. He published but few verses, but at heart was a poet. A diligent scholar, among the books by which he became well known is one called Ten Great Religions (2 vols, 1871–1883).

James Freeman Clarke was one of the very first Americans to explore and write about Eastern religions.

A portrait of Clarke painted by E.T. Billings hangs in the Boston Public Library.^[10]

Selected writings

• "Self-Culture: Physical, Intellectual, Moral, and Spiritual" (1880)
• "Memorial and Biographical Sketches" (1880)
• "Common Sense in Religion (1874)
• Every-Day Religion (1886)
• Sermons on the Lord's Prayer (1888)
• "Autobiography, Diary and Correspondence" (1891)

References

1. ^ Richardson, Jr., Robert D. Emerson: The Mind on Fire. Berkeley & Los Angeles, CA: The University of California Press, 1995: p.175. ISBN 0-520-08808-5
2. ^ Gura, Philip F. American Transcendentalism: A History. New York: Hill and Wang, 2007: 7–8. ISBN 0-8090-3477-8
3. ^ Von Mehren, Joan. Minerva and the Muse: A Life of Margaret Fuller. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1994: 64–66. ISBN 1-55849-015-9
4. ^ Callow, Philip. From Noon to Starry Night: A Life of Walt Whitman. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1992: 110. ISBN 0929587952
5. ^ ^{a b} Von Mehren, Joan. Minerva and the Muse: A Life of Margaret Fuller. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1994: 343. ISBN 1-55849-015-9
6. ^ Blanchard, Paula. Margaret Fuller: From Transcendentalism to Revolution. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1987: 339. ISBN 0-201-10458-X
7. ^ Von Mehren, Joan. Minerva and the Muse: A Life of Margaret Fuller. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1994: 342. ISBN 1-55849-015-9
8. ^ Felton, R. Todd. A Journey into the Transcendentalists' New England. Berkeley, California: Roaring Forties Press, 2006: 129. ISBN 0-9766706-4-X
9. ^ Williams, Gary. Hungry Heart: The Literary Emergence of Julia Ward Howe. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1999: 208. ISBN 1-55849-157-0
10. ^ http://www.bpl.org/general/trustees/clarke.htm Retrieved 2010-10-02

External links

• Ten Great Religions - full etext from Project Gutenberg
• Works by James Freeman Clarke at Project Gutenberg
• New York Times Obituary

Persondata
Name	Clarke, James Freeman
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	April 4, 1810
Place of birth
Date of death	June 8, 1888
Place of death