- Norskregistrert utenlandsk foretak
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Rochdale PrinciplesRelated areas Contract · Civil procedure Norskregistrert utenlandsk filial or NUF is a Norwegian term meaning Norwegian Registered Foreign Company. NUF are basically Norwegian branches of foreign companies. In this regard, one has to separate between companies that are Norwegian in a fiscal sense and Norwegian companies in a company law meaning. The formal legal basis for registration is The Business Enterprise Registration Act of 1985 with later amendments, ss 3-8.
Contents
The process of incorporation
When a NUF is registered, the branch itself is given a nine-digit Norwegian company number, in a similar manner as a regular Norwegian company – and a pseudo certificate of incorporation is issued by the Norwegian Register of Business Enterprises, showing the Norwegian board of directors (if any), any power of procuration, position or attorney, and similar basic information. However, the NUF remains a branch and not a legal entity separate from the foreign company. It is de facto the foreign company itself, operating in Norway under a separate company number.
A NUF may register and operate under any company name, subject to the same guidelines for company name approval as a regular Norwegian company. However, if the name of the Norwegian branch differs from the foreign company, it may not use any terms that describe the form of company (such as "Ltd", "S.A.", "AS", "AB" etc). Hence a foreign company called Roundtable Ltd may be Roundtable Ltd in Norway, or Roundtable or Somethingdifferent but not Somethingdifferent Ltd.
Any type of company from any independent country recognized by Norway, may register a branch in Norway. In practice, though, the dominant type of companies setting up NUFs during the last few years, has been British private limited companies.
The duties of the board of directors in an NUF
In most cases, the NUF and the foreign legal entity will share the same board of directors. However, if one or more persons are only directors in Norway, the duties and responsibility of these directors are not currently regulated by law.[1]
Bankruptcy or involuntary liquidation of NUF
A NUF is not a separate legal entity and as such cannot be declared or itself declare bankruptcy. However, bankruptcy may be declared in the foreign main entity. If the main entity has its actual place of management in Norway, it may be declared bankrupt there.[2]
The development of NUFs
The number of NUFs increased phenomenally since the millennium. The main reason is first and foremost not actual foreign companies setting up branches in Norway, but Norwegian residents setting up inactive companies abroad and then forming a Norwegian branch of the same company. This construction was made possible by the freedom of establishment within the EU / EEA. In 1999, the EU court in a preliminary ruling established that this freedom of establishment gives any EU / EEC citizen the right to set up his company in the jurisdiction of his choice, regardless of where the company is actually going to operate or where he himself is physically or fiscally a resident. Denmark had refused such registrations, based on the grounds that the establishment of a foreign entity was without any reality and merely an attempt to avoid the national rules on the provision for and the paying-up of minimum share capital. Denmark lost the case, and the EU court not only stressed that a citizen had the right to start and operate his business in any jurisdiction within the EU, and to freely open any branch of the same company in any country, but also directly commented that it was fully acceptable to use this structure to attempt to avoid national company law requirements, such as the requirement for a minimum paid up share capital.
"In addition, it is clear from paragraph 16 of Segers that the fact that a company does not conduct any business in the Member State in which it has its registered office and pursues its activities only in the Member State where its branch is established is not sufficient to prove the existence of abuse or fraudulent conduct which would entitle the latter Member State to deny that company the benefit of the provisions of Community law relating to the right of establishment." (quote from section 28 of the decision)
Following the Centros case, Europe has seen a massive increase in so-called cross-border-incorporations. Many observers now feel that Europe is moving rapidly in the direction of company law situation in the US, where it is fairly common to incorporate a company in a different state than where the actual business operations are intended to be conducted.
This development has been impelled by a handful of company formation service providers, which have dedicated massive resources on promoting European cross-border-incorporations. In Germany GoAhead Ltd has a high market share, and the number of UK ltd companies with German branches has attracted substantial media attention (see link to article in the Daily Telegraph below). In Norway, the development of cross-border-incorporations has been headed by mainly the Law Firm of Varjag (Supreme Court advocate Austlid) and Panlegis Group (formerly the Law Firm of Claes Zangenberg). Both had been selected by the Norwegian Ministry of Finance to comment on the development of the Norwegian company law and the status and future of the NUFs in Norway (see links to their respective consultation papers below).
Norway, along with Germany and the Netherlands, have been among the EU states where cross-border-incorporations have become most common. The main reasons are most likely that these jurisdictions all have a fairly complicated company laws with strict requirements to annual audits and a minimum paid up share capital. I Norway, the NUF companies avoid both the requirement to file an annual audit (and to maintain at any time an official company auditor), and the requirement to pay up a minimum share capital of NOK 100,000.
There has been some political debate in Norway, with some politicians expressing concerns about the amount of NUFs incorporated, and in 2005 the government requested the Norwegian Tax Administration and the Ministry of Finance to consider the possible causes and consequences. The Ministry of Finance, prior to the consultation round, made it very clear that Norway neither legally could, nor intended to attempt to, prohibit the registration of NUFs, and that the review made by the ministry would mainly focus on the legal framework that currently enable NUFs to operate with significant benefits compared to Norwegian limited companies.
During the consultation round, surprisingly few of the bodies invited to give their opinions, expressed any deep concerns over the increasing number of NUFs, the union of auditors representing a rather expected exception. As a consequence, the ministry decided to maintain the current legal situation, and rather conduct a full review of the burdens imposed on Norwegian limited companies.
The competitive ability of Norwegian AS (limited) companies
Norway is one of the last few remaining countries in Europe maintaining the requirement for an annual audit for all national limited companies (AS and ASA) regardless of the size or turnover of the company. Even dormant companies must maintain a company auditor and file audited accounts. Having noted how this has caused a massive increase in the number of NUFs, the Ministry of Finance in 2007 decided to conduct a full review of the burdens imposed on Norwegian AS companies, and in particular consider whether the requirement for an annual audit for small companies should be relaxed or removed all together.
Literature
- Zangenberg, Claes: Håndbok i NUF, Stron Publishing, 2008, ISBN 978-82-92944-00-4 (cf TOC, This book is in Norwegian)
External links
- List of official consultation bodies as selected by the Norwegian Ministry of Finance
- Official consultation document from The Law Firm of Claes Zangenberg (Norwegian)
- Official consultation document from Supreme Court Attorney Auslid (Norwegian)
- Official consultation document The Law firm of Claes Zangenberg regarding formation agents and KYC requirements and with useful info on NUF (Norwegian)
- Daily Telegraph, article on the use of UK Ltd companies in Germany
References and footnotes
- ^ The issue is discussed in the NUF-handbook (Håndbok i NUF), see Håndbok i NUF, chapter 22
- ^ Håndbok i NUF, chapter 24
Norwegian types of company Categories:- Types of companies of Norway
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