Neolamarckia cadamba

Neolamarckia cadamba
Tree in Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Asterids
Order:	Gentianales
Family:	Rubiaceae
Genus:	Neolamarckia
Species:	N. cadamba
Binomial name
Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser
Synonyms
Nauclea cadamba Roxb. Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. Samama cadamba (Roxb.) Kuntze Anthocephalus morindifolius Korth. Nauclea megaphylla S.Moore Neonauclea megaphylla S.Moore

Neolamarckia cadamba, commonly called Kadam (Bengali: কদম/কদম্ব) is an evergreen, tropical tree native to South and Southeast Asia. The genus name "Lamarckia" is derived from the name of French naturalist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.

Description

Leaves & flowers in Kolkata, India

Flower in Kolkata, India

The Kadam tree grows up to 45 m high. It is a large tree with a broad crown and straight cylindrical bole. It is quick growing, large; has large spreading and grows rapidly in first 6-8 year The trunk has a diameter of 100-160 cm, but typically less than that. Leaves are 13-32 cm long. Flowering usually begins when the tree is 4–5 years old. Kadam flowers are red to orange, occurring in dense, globe-like heads of approximately 55 cm. The fruit of N. cadamba occur in small, fleshy capsules packed closely together to form a fleshy yellow-orange infructescence containing approximately 8000 seeds. On maturing, the fruit splits apart, releasing the seeds, which are then dispersed by wind or rain. ^[1][2]

Some botanical features are detailed below:

• Leaves glossy green, opposite, simple more or less sessile to petiolate, ovate to elliptical (15-50 x 8–25 cm).
• Flowers inflorescence in clusters; terminal globose heads without bracteoles, subsessile fragrant, orange or yellow flowers; Flowers bisexual, 5-merous, calyx tube funnel-shaped, corolla gamopetalous saucer-shaped with a narrow tube, the narrow lobes imbricate in bud.
• Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla tube, filaments short, anthers basifixed. Ovary inferior, bi-locular, sometimes 4-locular in the upper part, style exserted and a spindle-shaped stigma.
• Fruitlets numerous with their upper parts containing 4 hollow or solid structures. Seed trigonal or irregularly shaped.

N. lamarckia is native to the following areas:

• Southern China
• Indian subcontinent: India (n. & w.); Bangladesh; Nepal; Sri Lanka
• Southeast Asia: Cambodia; Laos; Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam, Indonesia; Malaysia; Papua New Guinea

Legend

Gita Govinda by Jayadeva

Radha with Krishna

The Grama Paddhati, a Kannada work dealing with the history of the Tulu Brahmins, narrates a story that after Parasurama created the Haiga and Tulu countries, Shiva and Parvati came to Sahyadri, and there a child was born to the divine couple. Since the birth took place under a Kadamba tree, the child was named Kadamba, and was placed in charge of the Sahyadri region. Mayursharma belonged to this family and he made Banavasi his capital.^[3] Kadamba tree is also mentioned in other mythical stories.^[4] It is considered the Tree of Buddhism, and was thought to reunite separated lovers.^[5]

Kadamba is mentioned in the Bhagavata Purana. In Northern India, it is associated with Krishna while in the south it is known as "Parvathi’s tree". Radha and Krishna are supposed to have conducted their love play in the hospitable and sweet-scented shade of the Kadamba tree.^[6]

In the Sangam period of Tamil Nadu, Murugan of the Tirupparankundram hill of Madurai was referred to as a centre of nature worship. He was in the form of a spear under a Kadamba tree.^[7] In another mythical story, it is stated that Dhruv, son of King Uttanapada and wife Suniti, set out with firm determination to please Vishnu. He arrived in Madhuban (Garden) and took a seat under a Kadamba tree on the bank of the river Yamuna. During the first month he ate roots and tubers. In the second month he ate dried leaves. During the third month he managed with Yamuna river water. During the fourth month he sustained himself on air. Then Dhruv even stopped breathing. Now, standing on one leg only, he was fully concentrating on Vishnu. In Jayadeva’s Gitagovindam, Song of Govinda, (a poetic work on Lord Krishna composed in 1200 AD by Jayadeva of Puri) stanza 1, says “He who is mixed up or mingled in the darkness at a peaceful Kadamba tree, pre-set by me,—deserve supreme love and affection of the Supreme and hence I reminisce about him." ^[8]

An episode from the life of Lord Krishna narrates of when he stole the garments of gopis when they were bathing in a pond near Vrindavan. Varuna, the sea-god, had forbidden nude bathing in rivers, ponds and other public places, but gopis often resorted to it. One day, to teach them a lesson, Krishna reached the bank of the pond where they were taking a bath and took away their garments and spread them on the branches of nearby Kadamba tree. He himself climbed the tree and hid there behind a branch. After the gopis had bathed, they looked for their garments but found them missing. Suddenly their attention was drawn to the nearby Kadamba tree by the stirring of its branches. When they looked up, they saw Krishna hiding there and their garments scattered all over the branches of the tree. Krishna insisted that they come out naked to receive their garments. This episode is portrayed in song, story, painting and artifacts, in the backdrop of the Kadamba tree.^[9]

The word Kadamba lends its name to the Kadamba Dynasty which ruled from Banavasi in what is now the state of Karnataka from 345 CE to 525 CE, as per Talagunda inscription of c.450 CE.^[10] The Kadamba tree was considered a holy tree by the Kadamba dynasty.^[11]

Religious significance

Kadamba tree at the entrance to the Meenakshi temple

Karam-Kadamba is a popular harvest festival, celebrated on the eleventh Moon day of the month Bhaadra. A twig of the tree is brought and worshipped in the courtyard of the house. Later in the day, young ears of grain are distributed among friends and relatives. This festive custom has been adopted by Tulu people. Onam (Kerala) and Huttari (Kodagu) are regional variants of this festival.^[12] Kadambotsava ("The festival of Kadamba") is also the festival that is celebrated every year by the Government of Karnataka in honor of the Kadamba kingdom, the first ruling Kingdom of Karnataka, at Banavasi, as it was here that the Kadamba kings organised the spring festival every year.^[13]

The Kadamba tree is also associated with a deity called Kadambariyamman.^[14][15] The Kadamba tree, which is considered the ‘sthalavruksham’ (Tree of the place) of the city that is otherwise known as ‘Kadambavanam’ (Kadamba forest) and is present in Meenakshi Temple.^[16] A withered relic of the Kadamba tree is also preserved there.^[17]

It claimed that the 27 Stars (constellations) constituting 12 Houses (Rasis) and 9 Planets are specifically represented precisely by 27 trees —one for each star. The Kadamba tree is said to represent Shatabhisha (Western star name -γ Aquarii).^[18]

Uses

The caterpillars of the Commander (Limenitis procris), a brush-footed butterfly, utilize this species as a foodplant. The fruit and inflorescences are reportedly edible to humans. The fresh leaves are fed to cattle. The fragrant orange flowers attract pollinators. It is Sapwood white with a light yellow tinge becoming creamy yellow on exposure and is not clearly differentiated from the heartwood.

N. lamarckia is grown as an ornamental, and for low-grade timber and paper. The timber is used for plywood, light construction, pulp and paper, boxes and crates, dug-out canoes, and furniture components. Kadamba yields a pulp of satisfactory brightness and performance as a hand sheet. The wood can be easily impregnated with synthetic resins to increase its density and compressive strength. The wood has a density of 290–560 kg/cu m at 15% moisture content, a fine to medium texture; straight grain; low luster and has no characteristic odor or taste. It is easy to work with hand and machine tools, cuts cleanly, gives a very good surface and is easy to nail. The timber air dries rapidly with little or no degrade. Kadamba wood is very easy to preserve using either open tank or pressure-vacuum systems.

Kadamba is stated to be one of the most frequently planted trees in the tropics. A yellow dye is obtained from the root bark. Kadamba flowers are an important raw material in the production of ‘attar’, which is Indian perfume with sandalwood (Santalum spp.) base in which one of the essences is absorbed through hydro-distillation. The flowers exhibit slight anti-implantation activity in test animals. Kadamba extracts exhibit nematicidal effects on Meloidogyne incognita. The dried bark is used to relieve fever and as a tonic. An extract of the leaves serves as a mouth gargle.

The tree is grown along avenues, roadsides and villages for shade. Kadamba are suitable for reforestation programs. It sheds large amounts of leaf and non-leaf litter which on decomposition improves some physical and chemical properties of soil under its canopy. This reflects an increase in the level of soil organic carbon, cation exchange capacity, available plant nutrients and exchangeable bases.

Kadamb tree leaves are also used for treating diabetes. A drug made from this tree is patented.^[19][20]

See also

• Nauclea orientalis, the Leichhardt tree. A species commonly confused with the kadam tree.

References

1. ^ http://www.agricultureinformation.com/forums/questions-answers/11926-anthocephalus-kadamba.html.- Horticulture/Suryanarmada, Agriculture Arbitration Consultant, Chennai, India.
2. ^ http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/vibhaskumar/plant_ism1.html&date=2009-10-25+23:56:54 - The Environmental Information System(ENVIS), Ministry of Environment and Forests - Centre of Mining environment
3. ^ http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka10
4. ^ http://www.Encyclopedia of Mythical Trees and Deities
5. ^ http://treetotem.com/mythhk.htm%7Ctitle=Encyclopedia of Mythical Trees and Deities
6. ^ Kadamba vriksh
7. ^ http://ignca.nic.in/cd_08009.htm -Sacred Groves and Sacred Trees of Uttara Kannada
8. ^ http://www.geocities.com/giirvaani/gg/sarga2/gg_2_sans.htm-^{[dead link]} Gita Govindam - 2 - Jayadeva - Sanskrit
9. ^ - Krishna, the Gopi girls and the Kadamba Tree ("Chir-Harana" or "Vastraharan Lila")
10. ^ George M. Moraes (1931), The Kadamba Kula, A History of Ancient and Medieval Karnataka, Asian Educational Services, 1990, p.10
11. ^ http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/deccan/kadamba.htm.
12. ^ http://tulu-research.blogspot.com/2007_12_01_archive.html - TuLu Studies: December 2007
13. ^ Kadambotsava Staff Correspondent (2006-01-20). "Kadambotsava in Banavasi". The Hindu, Friday, January 20, 2006 (Chennai, India: The Hindu). http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/20/stories/2006012003990300.htm. Retrieved 2006-11-28. 
14. ^ http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2007/06/02/stories/2007060250410100.htm -Natures Unsung heroes
15. ^ http://www.khandro.net/nature_trees.htm -Tree worship
16. ^ The Hindu : Metro Plus Madurai : Nature’s unsung heroes
17. ^ Tripura Sundari Ashtakam - Audarya Fellowship
18. ^ http://chennaionline.com/astro/articles/yourstar.asp Your star, your tree
19. ^ http://india.bigpatents.org/view/19618/12bc4249abf "Patent of Kadamb drug"
20. ^ http://www.hinduonnet.com/2008/01/20/stories/2008012055790700.htm "Herbal cure for Type II diabetes"

• Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., B, Adansonia 6: 247 (1984).
• ARS-GRIN database: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?410705 retrieved on 29 June, 2007
• Pollard, J.F.,1969. A note on the nursery treatment of two species of Sabah. Malay.Forester 32(3), pp 269–271
• USDA database: http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=NECA7 retrieved on 29 June, 2007

External links

• The sacred fig tree and the North star
• Krishna, the Gopi girls and the Kadamba Tree - "Chir-Harana" or "Vastraharan Lila"
• Mythical Trees and Deities
• The Hindu
• USDA database
• ARS-GRIN database