Babies switched at birth

Babies switched at birth are babies who, because of either error or malfeasance, are interchanged with each other at birth or very soon thereafter, leading to them being unknowingly raised by parents who are not their biological parents. In real life, the occurrence of such a thing is highly improbable, with it having occurred, or having been asserted to have occurred, in a few cases. However, it is an idea that is a common staple in fiction.

As a literary plot device

The plot device of babies who are switched at birth, or in their cradles, has been a common one in American fiction since the 18th century. It is one of the several identifiable characteristics of melodrama that are plot devices dealing with situations that are highly improbable in real life.cite book|title=A Companion To American Fiction 1780-1865|editor=Shirley Samuels|pages=192|author=Lori Merish|chapter=Melodrama and American Fiction|date=2004|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|id=ISBN 0631234225]

The use of this common theme has continued ever since. The device was used a number of times by W. S. Gilbert, including in the Gilbert and Sullivan comic operas "H.M.S. Pinafore" and "The Gondoliers". In both cases, well-born babies were switched with commoners. Mark Twain, later used this plot device in "The Tragedy of Pudd'nhead Wilson" (1893), where two babies, one white and one black, are switched at birth, resulting in both passing for races that they are not. [cite book|title=Race, Citizenship, and Law in American Literature|editor=Ross Posnock|pages=174–182|date=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|id=ISBN 0521010934|chapter=The positivist alternative|author=Gregg Crane] It is one of the themes that made for TV movies regularly exploited in the 1970s and 1980s. [cite book|title=Movies at Home: How Hollywood Came to Television|author=Kerry Segrave|pages=139|date=1999|publisher=McFarland & Company|id=ISBN 0786406542] It continues to be a popular theme in the 1990s and 21st century with (for examples) it being employed as a plot device in "Veronica Mars" (the characters Cindy "Mac" Mackenzie and Madison Sinclair), in "Neighbours" (the characters Bree Timmins and Anne Baxter), and in "The Young and the Restless" (several times, including the characters Cane Ashby and Phillip Chancellor III, and the children of Lauren Fenmore Baldwin and Sheila Carter).

Although a common plot device in soap operas, it is not nearly as common as the theme of questionable paternity. Mumford states that the reason for this is that the potential causes for questionable paternity are far more wide ranging and richer in scope than those for questionable maternity, and thus provide a greater vein for soap opera scriptwriters to mine. Whereas questionable maternity can only be caused by error or malfeasance that causes babies to be switched at or after birth, questionable paternity can involve many aspects, ranging from a woman deliberately wishing to pin paternity on the wrong man, through unreported rape, to a clandestine love affair. It is relatively simple, moreover, for writers to retrofit questions of paternity to characters years on, whereas it is difficult to introduce questions of maternity after the fact. [cite book|title=To Be Continued. . .: Soap Operas Around the World|editor=Robert C. Allen|author=Laura Stempel Mumford|chapter=Plotting paternity: Looking for dad on the daytime soaps|pages=138–169|date=1995|publisher=Routledge|id=ISBN 0415110068]

In real life

In real life, such a switch is highly improbable. Cases that have occurred and made the newspaper headlines include:
*In 1951 a hospital in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, accidentally switched the babies of Mary Miller and Kay McDonald. Mary Miller immediately suspected that a switch had occurred, as the baby she received weighed a full two pounds less than at the hospital. Mrs. Miller knew the McDonalds, and assumed that it was their baby she had taken home. However, a series of circumstances kept Mary Miller from actively perusing her suspicion for 43 years, when she revealed to the now grown girls, Sue McDonald and Martha Miller, what she suspected of their births. Genetic tests later confirmed that a switch did in fact occur. [http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/1496358/public_radio_to_air_story_of_pdc_babies_switched_at/] [http://www.thislife.org/Radio_Episode.aspx?sched=1253]
*the case of a girl switched at birth as a result of a medical error in a hospital in Wauchula, Floridacite book|title=What's Wrong With Children's Rights?|author=Martin Guggenheim|pages=56|date=2005|publisher=Harvard University Press|id=ISBN 0674017218] , the events surrounding whom were subsequently dramatized as the made-for-TV movie "Switched at Birth"
*the cases of the children of two South African women, Margaret Clinton-Parker and Sandra Dawkins, whose sons were accidentally switched at birth in 1989, and who sued in the High Court of South Africa in Johannesburg in 1995, demanding damages of ZAR120,000 each from the government of the province of Gauteng for the error,"Clinton-Parker v Administrator, Transvaal"; "Dawkins v Administrator, Transvaal" 1996 (2) SA 37 (W)] and who were later that year awarded damages to cover medical expenses and the future projected costs of visiting their biological children [cite news|work=The Deseret News|date=1995-08-22|title=2 MOMS SUING OVER SONS SWITCHED AT BIRTH|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/g/GooglePM/DSNB/lib00497,0F360DC14A813699.html] [cite news|title=Damages awarded after babies switched|work=The Kansas City Star|date=1995-10-22|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/g/GooglePM/KC/lib00144,0EAF4234676AD331.html|author=Associated Press] Each family kept the child they had been living with, though, and raised them as their own even after learning of the switch. [ [http://sixtyminutes.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=267887 Switched at birth ] ]
*In 2001 it was reported that a 35 year old woman from the Canary Islands had discovered that she was one of an identical twin, and that she had been accidentally switched at birth with another girl. She grew up as an only child, until a friend of her twin mistook her for being that twin. But the person was shocked by the striking similarity in appearance, and summoned them together. They took a DNA test which proved they were identical twins. The twin who had grown up thinking that another girl was her twin said that the girl she thought was her twin looked nothing like her. The two women attempted to sue the hospital they had been born in out of millions. Fact|date=July 2008
*In 2005 a 13 year old girl from Bletsoe, in Bedfordshire, England, was discovered to have been switched at birth, after her parents were confronted by a stranger who claimed he was her biological father. He told them he'd discovered that his daughter wasn't his after she'd had Leukemia, and when asked to give a blood transfusion, had discovered that there was no match between his or his daughter's blood. His wife (mother) had also been shown to have no biological connection with the girl. After she died, he'd staked out his biological daughter. The girl remained with the couple who had brought her up.
*On December 9, 2006 two newborn girls were switched in the hospital in the Czech town of Trebic. The families hadn't found out until September 2007 when a couple of friends of one of the fathers made fun of him that he is not the biological father of the baby. DNA test proved that the girl was indeed switched. After days of investigation, the other family was found. As of October 11, 2007 the families were in contact and figuring out ways to switch the children back. [ [http://czechdaily.wordpress.com/2007/10/10/switched-at-birth-the-story-continues/ Switched At Birth: The Story Continues - UPDATE « The Czech Daily Word ] ]

Hospitals take fingerprints, foot prints, or palm prints of newborns in order to prevent babies being mixed up. Nurses also double check with the mother, checking the identity of that person as well, in order to prevent errors. [cite book|title=Obstetrics for Nurses|author=Joseph Bolivar De Lee|publisher=W. B. Saunders|location=London and Philadelphia|date=1966|pages=433] [cite book|title=Childhood and Adolescence: A Psychology of the Growing Person|author=Lawrence Joseph Stone and Joseph Church|date=1973|publisher=Random House UK Ltd|id=ISBN 0394317238|pages=46]

References

See also

* Kaspar Hauser — whom some hypothesize to have been the real child of Karl, Grand Duke of Baden, switched at birth with a dead child