Michael Bennett

This article is about the director. For the U.S. Senator from Colorado, see Michael F. Bennet. For the Florida State Senator, see Michael S. Bennett. For other uses, see Michael Bennett (disambiguation).

Michael Bennett
Born	Michael Bennett DiFiglia April 8, 1943(1943-04-08) Buffalo, New York, USA
Died	July 2, 1987(1987-07-02) (aged 44) Tucson, Arizona, USA
Other names	Choreographer, dancer, director, writer
Spouse	Donna McKechnie (1976-1977)

Michael Bennett (April 8, 1943 – July 2, 1987) was an American musical theater director, writer, choreographer, and dancer. He won seven Tony Awards for his choreography and direction of Broadway shows and was nominated for an additional eleven.

Bennett choreographed Promises, Promises, Follies and Company. In 1976, he won the Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical and the Tony Award for Best Choreography for the Pulitzer Prize-winning phenomenon A Chorus Line. Bennett, under the aegis of producer Joseph Papp, created A Chorus Line based on a precedent-setting workshop process which he pioneered. He also directed and co-choreographed Dreamgirls with Michael Peters.

Early life and career

Bennett was born Michael Bennett DiFiglia in Buffalo, New York, the son of Helen (Ternoff), a secretary, and Salvatore Joseph DiFiglia, a factory worker.^[1] His father was Roman Catholic and his mother was Jewish.^[2] He studied dance and choreography in his teens and staged a number of shows in his local high school before dropping out to accept the role of Baby John in the US and European tours of West Side Story.

Bennett's career as a Broadway dancer began in the 1961 Betty Comden-Adolph Green-Jule Styne musical Subways Are For Sleeping, after which he appeared in Meredith Willson's Here's Love and the short-lived Bajour.^[3] In the mid-1960s he was a featured dancer on the NBC pop music series Hullabaloo, where he met fellow dancer Donna McKechnie.^[4]

Bennett made his choreographic debut with A Joyful Noise (1966), which lasted only twelve performances, and in 1967 followed it with another failure, Henry, Sweet Henry (based on the Peter Sellers film The World of Henry Orient).^[3] Success finally arrived in 1968, when he choreographed the hit musical Promises, Promises on Broadway. With a contemporary pop score by Burt Bacharach and Hal David, a wisecracking book by Neil Simon and Bennett's well-received production numbers, including "Turkey Lurkey Time", the show ran for 1,281 performances.^[5] Over the next few years, he earned praise for his work on the straight play Twigs with Sada Thompson and the musical Coco with Katharine Hepburn.^[3] These were followed by two Stephen Sondheim productions, Company and Follies co-directed with Hal Prince.^[3]

In 1973, Bennett was asked by producers Joseph Kipness and Larry Kasha to take over the ailing Cy Coleman-Dorothy Fields musical Seesaw. In replacing the director Ed Sherin and choreographer Grover Dale, he asked for absolute control over the production as director and choreographer and received credit as "having written, directed, and choreographed" the show.^[6]

A Chorus Line and the 1980s

Bennett's next project was A Chorus Line. The musical was formed out of hundreds of hours of taped sessions with Broadway dancers. Bennett was invited to the sessions originally as an observer but soon took charge.^[7] He co-choreographed and directed the production, which debuted in May 1975 off-Broadway. It won nine Tony Awards and the 1976 Pulitzer Prize for Drama. He later claimed that the worldwide success of A Chorus Line became a hindrance, as the many international companies of that musical demanded his full-time attention.^[8] Bennett would later become a creative consultant for the 1985 film version of the musical but left due to creative differences. He always sought creative control over his projects, but Hollywood producers were unwilling to give him the influence he demanded.^[9]

Although the film version was but a pale imitation of the original, there are some filmed records which testify to the show's initial power. Television talk-show host Phil Donahue devoted an entire program to the original cast, during which they reminisce and recreate some of the musical numbers. The 2008 feature-length documentary "Every Little Step" chronicles the casting process of A Chorus Line's 2006 revival, with re-created choreography by Bennett's long-time associate Baayork Lee, and, in the course of the film, the saga of the original production is re-told as well, through the use of old film clips and revealing interviews from the original collaborators, including Lee, Bob Avian (who was the show's original co-choreographer with Bennett and the director of the revival), composer Marvin Hamlisch and the original's leading lady, Donna McKechnie.

Bennett's next musical was an admired project about late-life romance called Ballroom. Although financially unsuccessful, it garnered 7 Tony Award nominations, and Michael won one for Best Choreography. He admitted that any project that followed A Chorus Line was bound to be an anti-climax.^[10] Bennett had another hit in 1981 with Dreamgirls, a backstage epic about a girl-group like The Supremes and the expropriation of black music by a white recording industry. In the early 1980s, Bennett worked on various projects, one of which was titled The Children's Crusade based on a legendary story Children's Crusade, but none of them reached the stage.^[11]

He always collaborated with his assistant Bob Avian, who was a lifelong friend.^[12]

In 1985, Bennett abandoned the nearly-completed musical Scandal, by writer Treva Silverman and songwriter Jimmy Webb, which had been developing for nearly five years through a series of workshop productions.^[13] The show was sexually daring, and apparently Bennett's best work, but the conservative climate and the growing AIDS panic made it unlikely commercial material.^[14] He was then signed to direct the West End production of Chess but had to withdraw in January 1986 due to his failing health, leaving Trevor Nunn to complete the production using Bennett's already commissioned sets.^[15][16]

Analysis

Unlike his more famous contemporary Bob Fosse, Bennett was not known for a particular choreographic style. Instead, Bennett's choreography was motivated by the form of the musical involved, or the distinct characters interpreted.^[17]

In Act 2 of Company, Bennett defied the usual choreographic expectations by deliberately taking the polish off the standard Broadway production number. The company stumbled through the steps of a hat and cane routine ("Side By Side") and thus revealed to the audience the physical limitations of the characters singing and dancing. Bennett made the audience aware that this group had been flung together to perform, and that they were in over their heads. He intended the number to be not about the routine, but rather the characters behind it.^[18]

The song "One" from A Chorus Line functions in a different way. The various phases of construction/rehearsal of the number are shown, and because the show is about professional dancers, the last performance of the song-and-dance routine has all the gloss and polish expected of Broadway production values. Bennett's choreography also reveals the cost of the number to the people behind it.^[19]

Bennett was influenced by the work of Jerome Robbins. "What Michael Bennett perceived early in Robbins' work was totality, all the sums of a given piece adding to a unified whole".^[20] In Dreamgirls, Bennett's musical staging was described as a "mesmerizing sense of movement":

The most thrilling breakthrough of the extraordinary show is that whereas in A Chorus Line Michael Bennett choreographed the cast, in Dreamgirls he has choreographed the set.... Bennett's use of [the plexiglass towers that dominated the set] was revolutionary. The towers moved to create constantly changing perspectives and space, like an automated ballet.... They energized the action, driving it forcefully along. It's why there were no set-piece dance routines in the show: Dance and movement were organic to the entire action. But Bennett had made the mechanical set his dancers."^[21]

Personal life

In his younger days, Bennett had a relationship with Larry Fuller, a dancer, choreographer and director.^[22]

He had a long professional and personal relationship with the virtuoso dancer Donna McKechnie, who danced his work in both Promises, Promises and Company and finally won the 1976 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical in the role he had created for her in A Chorus Line. They got married on December 4, 1976, but after only a few months they separated and eventually divorced in 1979.^[23]

In the late 1970s he began an affair with Sabine Cassel, the then-wife of French actor Jean-Pierre Cassel.^[24] She left her family in Paris to live with Bennett in Manhattan, but the relationship soured.^[25]

Bennett's addictions to alcohol and drugs, notably cocaine and quaaludes, severely affected his ability to work and affected many of his professional and personal relationships. His paranoia grew as his dependency did. Worried by his celebrity and his father's Italian background, he began to suspect he might fall victim to a Mafia hit.^[26]

Bennett's last lover was Gene Pruitt. In 1986 both Pruitt and friend Bob Herr lived with Bennett for the last 8 months of his life in Tucson, Arizona, where he received care at the Arizona Medical Center. Bennett died from AIDS-related lymphoma at the age of forty-four.^[27] He left a portion of his estate to fund research to fight the epidemic.^[28][29] Bennett's memorial service took place at the Shubert Theatre in New York (the home at that time of A Chorus Line) on September 29, 1987.^[30]

Awards and nominations

Awards 1971 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Choreography - Follies 1971 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Director - Follies 1972 Tony Award for Best Choreography - Follies 1972 Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical - Follies 1974 Tony Award for Best Choreography - Seesaw 1976 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Choreography - A Chorus Line 1976 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Director of a Musical - A Chorus Line 1976 Pulitzer Prize for Drama - A Chorus Line 1976 Tony Award for Best Choreography - A Chorus Line 1976 Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical - A Chorus Line 1979 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Choreography - Ballroom 1979 Tony Award for Best Choreography - Ballroom 1982 Tony Award for Best Choreography - Dreamgirls 1984 Drama Desk Award Special Award - A Chorus Line 3,389th performance

Nominations 1967 Tony Award for Best Choreography - A Joyful Noise 1968 Tony Award for Best Choreography - Henry, Sweet Henry 1969 Tony Award for Best Choreography - Promises, Promises 1970 Tony Award for Best Choreography - Coco 1971 Tony Award for Best Choreography - Company 1974 Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical - Seesaw 1974 Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical - Seesaw 1979 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Director of a Musical - Ballroom 1979 Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical - Ballroom 1979 Tony Award for Best Musical - Ballroom 1982 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Director of a Musical - Dreamgirls 1982 Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical - Dreamgirls 1983 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Director of a Play - Third Street

Other media

A Class Act - A Musical About Musicals (2001). Bennett and lyricist Ed Kleban are portrayed in this partly ficionalised life story of Kleban, using some of Kleban's unpublished songs. A Chorus Line's number "One" is included in this musical.

Notes

1. ^ http://www.filmreference.com/film/51/Michael-Bennett.html
2. ^ Kelly, p.6
3. ^ ^{a b c d} Michael Bennett credits at the Internet Broadway Database, accessed November 14, 2008
4. ^ McKechnie, pp. 54-57
5. ^ "Promises, Promises" at the Internet Broadway Database, accessed November 14, 2008
6. ^ Long, p. 237
7. ^ Mandelbaum, p. 108
8. ^ Kelly (preface), p. xi
9. ^ Mandelbaum, p. 326
10. ^ Mandelbaum, p. 203
11. ^ Mandelbaum, p. 239-40
12. ^ Mandelbaum, pp. 278-79
13. ^ Webb, p. 317
14. ^ Mandelbaum, p 252-55.
15. ^ Shea, p. 48
16. ^ Hadleigh, p. 205
17. ^ Mandelbaum, p. 276
18. ^ Zadan, p. 123
19. ^ Mandelbaum, p. 172
20. ^ Kelly, pp. 37-38
21. ^ Heilpern, John. "Bennett’s Breakthrough: Dreamgirls Remembered", The New York Observer, January 7, 2007
22. ^ McKechnie, pp. 57–58
23. ^ McKechnie, pp. 140 and 150
24. ^ Witchel, Alex. "A Long and Twisting Road Back to Broadway", The New York Times, March 24, 1996
25. ^ Kelly, p. 128
26. ^ Mandelbaum, p. 197
27. ^ Kelly, p. 286
28. ^ Hadleigh, pp. 205-06
29. ^ Gerard, Jeremy. "15% of Bennett Estate AIDS Groups", The New York Times, August 19, 1987
30. ^ Gerard, Jeremy. "From Friends and Associates, A Tribute to Michael Bennett", The New York Times, September 30, 1987

References

• Hadleigh, Boze (2007). Broadway Babylon, Back Stage Books, ISBN 0823088308
• Kantor, Michael (2004). "Choreographer, Directors & Producers: Michael Bennett". Broadway: The American Musical. Public Broadcasting Service. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/broadway/stars/bennett_m.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21. 
• Kelly, Kevin (1990). One Singular Sensation: The Michael Bennett Story. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 038526125X. 
• Long, Robert Emmet (2001). Broadway, the Golden Years: Jerome Robbins and the Great Choreographer-directors: 1940 to the Present, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 0826414621
• Mandelbaum, Ken (1990). A Chorus Line and the Musicals of Michael Bennett. St Martins Press, ISBN 0312030614
• McKechnie, Donna (2006). Time Steps:My Musical Comedy Life, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 0743255208
• Shea, Tom (2004). Broadway's Most Wanted:The Top 10 Book of Dynamic Divas, Surefire Showstoppers, and Box Office Busts, Brassey's, ISBN 1574885960
• Webb, Jimmy (1999), Tunesmith:Inside the Art of Songwriting, Hyperion, ISBN 0786884886
• Zadan, Craig (1987). Sondheim & Co.. Pavilion Books, ISBN 1851451900

Further reading

• Chapin, Ted (2005). Everything Was Possible: The Birth of the Musical Follies. Applause Books, ISBN 1557836531
• Flinn, Denny Martin (1989). What They Did for Love: The Untold Story Behind the Making of "A Chorus Line" Bantam, ISBN 0553345931
• Hamlisch, Marvin (1992, 1st edition). The way I was. Scribner, ISBN 0684193272
• Stevens, Gary (2000). The Longest Line: Broadway's Most Singular Sensation: A Chorus Line. Applause Books, ISBN 1557832218
• Viagas, Robert (1990, 2nd edition). On the Line - The Creation of A Chorus Line. Limelight Editions, ISBN 0879103361

External links

• Michael Bennett at the Internet Broadway Database
• Michael Bennett at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
• Michael Bennett at the Internet Movie Database

Persondata
Name	Bennett, Michael
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	April 8, 1943
Place of birth	Buffalo, New York, USA
Date of death	July 2, 1987
Place of death	Tucson, Arizona, USA