Mat (picture framing)

For other uses, see Mat (disambiguation).

Mats are available in a wide variety of colors and styles; this rack includes several hundred corner samples

In the picture framing industry, a mat (or mount in British English) is a thin, flat piece of paper-based material included within a picture frame, which serves as additional decoration and to perform several other, more practical functions, such as separating the art from the glass. Putting mats in a frame is called matting, a term which can also usually be used interchangeably with mat.

Functions

Decoration

The picture-framing mat is most commonly known by laymen for its use as additional decoration to enhance the look of a framed piece, sometimes in conjunction with a fillet or more rarely, liners made of wooden moulding with a cloth surface. Although a mat usually contains only one aperture, it may contain none if a picture is "top-mounted" (placed on top of the mat),^[1] and mats with two or more exist, more commonly with photography of the family or pictures of individual family members type than other types of artwork. Typically the mat or mats, if matched carefully and properly proportioned, serve to help draw the eye in towards the framed piece, or towards a particular key element of the piece. However, while the mat is usually regarded as something to complement or set off the artwork to best effect, or not to interfere or compete with it (neutral-coloured mats are often preferred by high-end art galleries), there are some examples of the mat being regarded by the artist as a part of the artwork. Mats can be decorated as described below, used as a surface for the continuation of the artwork within, or can incorporate three-dimensional aspects,^[2] though the last two are highly unusual.

Mats are fairly adaptable in the visual sense. Since they are typically quite thin (American-made mats are roughly 1/16 of an inch thick, for example), they are able to be cut to "stack" inside of a display, allowing for double, triple or quadruple matting, or even allowing for a fillet in between mats. Mats are available in numerous shades of every color in the rainbow^[3] as well as, less commonly some existing with preprinted patterns or designs. Mats can easily be found or altered to include further decorative features, such as a cloth covering (most commonly linen or silk, though mats with leather coverings or various other types of cloth covering are also available from some companies) or other decorative coverings or coatings (such as metallic coatings, or textured and patterned coatings that can include rice paper).^[4]

Because the mat is thin, but not razor-thin, it can also be carved (traditionally by hand, though computerized mat-cutting systems have also been developed, such as those by Wizard™ International, Inc., to feature a design, such as lettering or a simple image; since the carving consists mainly of cutting away a small portion of the top decorative layer of the mat, this means that the carved design will show up as the color of the mat's core. (There has been at least one instance of sandpaper being used to sand into the mat and reveal the core.) Most mats are only available with a white core, but a handful of mats are also available with a non-white core, most commonly black, though a smaller number are available with bright green, red, yellow or blue cores.

A mat with several French lines and a watercolor panel.

While most mats are generally rectangular in shape, with a rectangular aperture, in addition to fairly common oval, oval-apertured mats designed to go with oval frames, there are also very unusual examples of mats in other shapes.^[5][6]

Mats are, with very few exceptions,^[7] made of paper-based material. They tend to take well to minor surface additions, including ink and paint (a very wide variety of other media, including fumage,^[8] have been used); cloth-covered mats can also have objects such as pins, flags or cloth patches pinned or sewn to them, a technique frequently used in shadowboxing to avoid having to glue items to the backing.^[9] It is also possible to affix a small metal plate to the surface of a mat. Such plates are typically made of brass, and can also be affixed to the picture frame itself if the frame is made of wood.

A common form of decoration on non-cloth coated mats is the French line or line, and the French panel or panel. A French line or line is a line drawn on the mat, usually in ink or paint and usually drawn to form a complete rectangle or square around the opening in the mat. It is used as additional decoration to help draw the eye in towards the center of the display, and can be done in pencil or any color of ink or paint, including metallic inks. A French panel or panel is similar to a French line, with the exception that it is thicker, formed from decorative material ranging from gold leaf to a design in ink or paint. Typically a painted French panel will be done in watercolor, which is also sometimes referred to as a watercolor panel.

Protection

In archival or conservation picture framing, mats have several important functions. One of the most important functions is that it separates the glass from the art or document being framed; this is primarily important because any condensation that develops on the inside of the glass can be transferred to the piece if they are not separated, resulting in water damage, mold or mildew. Photos should also be separated from the glass because the surface of photographs is particularly easy to damage, and may even separate from its original paper and stick to the glass if wet; for this reason, any framed photograph of value should be framed in such a way that the glass does not directly contact the photo. Additionally, some types of art, such as pastels or chalk pictures, can smudge easily and should be separated from the glass for that reason.

Another major function of the mat in archival framing (where the mats used are made of acid-free and lignin-free paper) comes into play during the mounting process. In archival framing, paper items are not typically glued down to the backing, as it prevents anyone in the future from being able to safely and easily remove it to replace damaged frames, backing or mats, and can make restoration of a damaged document or art piece more difficult. Typically, such items are instead held in place against the backing with mylar "photo corners" (tiny triangular pockets into which the corners of the paper are put). The added (though slight) weight of mats can help hold a piece in place while also helping to hide the backing and photo corners. In archival framing, the mats are not glued to the piece or backing, but are "hinged" to the backing with tape, though if more than one mat is used, the mats are typically glued to each other.

Acidic vs. "acid-free"

There are two main types of mat material: acidic, and "acid-free" (neutral pH)^[10]. Older mats (wood based paper) are typically acidic, because acid-free paper was not widely available or marketed until recent years. While most newer mats are acid-free, there are some papers that contain acid and one should ask the picture framer about the acid content of the mats if the desired life of the piece being framed is more than 75–100 years.

The difference is important for the long term protection of the piece because acidic mats can cause what is called mat burn, brown marks that creep in from the outside onto the displayed piece itself. While mat burn is sometimes reversible through cleaning the piece, cleaning may not be feasible if the piece was executed in water-soluble inks or paints, such as watercolor. Thus, it is important to know if the mats used are acid-free if the piece is to be preserved for a long time.

To determine the pH of an older mat with a white core, look to see if the core (visible where the mat has already been cut) has turned brownish or yellowed; if so, it is acidic. If the core has not changed color, one can determine the pH by using a pH tester.

There are several categories of mat board and they are all separated by the level of protection offered the art work or artifact being framed. While some say that acidic framing materials should be avoided for all but the most temporary frames, it is not safe to say that all "acid-free" mats are recommended for long term preservation use. The hierarchy of mat board quality is as follows:

I. Museum Board - The highest quality material available. It is constructed of 100% cotton fiber, is Archival and will protect and preserve the contents of a frame. While it is the most expensive material available, the difference in actual material costs relative to the cost of framing is minimal.

II. Museum Mat or Rag Mat - Still a good quality choice for conservation, it is constructed of cotton linters (short cotton fibers)[1] and cellulose (wood pulp) middles. The cellulose is a less expensive raw material but offers sufficient conservation properties for most works.

III. Conservation or Archival Mat Board - Constructed of 100% pure high alpha cellulose (wood pulp) and treated to be inert for up to 300 years. This is the highest quality paper matboard available.

IV. Acid-Free^[11] or Acid Free Lined - This material is usually lined with a wood based liner on one or both sides that has been treated^[12] to prevent "short term" acid burn and the core is either recycled fiber. Eventually the acid in the core will leach out to the surface which can harm the artwork.

Caution must be exercised in selecting the type of framing desired. Art work that is desired to last long term (more than 75 years) can be damaged by improper mat boards that are used intentionally to lower cost. However, non-archival quality mat boards may be suitable for a photographic print, laser print, etc. that is not meant to last long term. Additionally, prints made with traditional chemical processing of photographic film (i.e. dark room development), as opposed to computer printing, are already slightly acidic by nature and therefore are much less likely to be damaged by non-archival mats.

In addition, correct "conservation" framing includes all components^[13], not just the mat board used directly behind the glass. Until recently, there were no truly "archival"-quality foamcore boards available, though a number of foamcore brands exist with buffered surfaces and the Nielsen Bainbridge company now produces one [2] that is claimed to both block the intrusion of airborne pollutants and to avoid the problem of outgassing that non-archival foamboards may fall prey to; for this reason, and due to many smaller frames' shallow depths, it is not uncommon to see mat boards used as backing for a picture frame as well, though foamcore and mounting boards tend to be stiffer. It is also important, if long-term preservation is of concern, to make sure the framer is using good conservation framing technique.

See also

• Picture frame
• Fillet (picture framing)
• Foamcore
• Archival
• Printmaking
• Photograph
• Mount board cutter

References

1. ^ An exception to both of these is a drawing done by Daniel C. Boyer in which a smaller mat with a heart-shaped aperture is inserted halfway into slits running from the top and bottom of another heart-shaped aperture in a larger mat, the two mats overlapping during this method; part of the foam-core backing is exposed.
2. ^ This can be done either by three-dimensional cut-outs inserted in the flat matboard to project out, as in "The Collapsed Horizon". http://www.periodgallery.com/gallery/detail.lasso?eventID=1648skip=13. , or by distorting the surface by pressing it atop hard items, as in Champion No. 4 (Tribute to the Late Mr. Mayworm), both by Daniel C. Boyer
3. ^ Some drawings by Daniel C. Boyer such as his anti-microbial counter pen drawing The Geronotolist are matted with two or three colours, with the matboards being cut horizontally and spliced together.
4. ^ The Michael's Arts & Crafts chain stores website gives an example of how a picture mat can be decorated as part of a crafts product for children. http://www.michaels.com/Patterned-Picture-Mat/kn0209,default,pd.html
5. ^ "Elements Of A Tree, Screenprint by Lynne Ferguson, Glasgow, KY; #4 of an edition of 11". http://www.memphismarshas.com/portal/offerings_photo_prntmking.html. Retrieved 2009-12-22. 
6. ^ Daniel C. Boyer's drawing A Trip to Gay is top-mounted on a mat cut in the shape of a punk's bust with liberty spikes; a real safety-pin earring is stuck through the "ear." The mat board is affixed to the foam-core backing.
7. ^ One includes a hand-crocheted mat; the means of assembly is not entirely clear."Crafts by Sharon: Hand Crocheted Square Full-Edged Picture Mat". http://home.comcast.net/~sharonlepley/home_decor/full-edged_picture_mat.htm. Retrieved 2011-10-14. 
8. ^ Around Daniel C. Boyer's drawing The Desperate Mammal with the Long Forehead Looks into the Heart of the Chill
9. ^ "Signature mats," offered by at least one framer, allow such decoration to take the form of the autographs of guests to a wedding or other special occasion."The Framer's Workshop Wedding Celebration & Signature Mat Framing Page". http://www.framersworkshop.com/Celebrations/index.html. Retrieved 2009-12-22. 
10. ^ Tips on Choosing Mats
11. ^ Etherington and Roberts's description of Acid Free Paper
12. ^ Deacidification
13. ^ Download PDF tips on Acid Free Components

Recommended Reading

• Kistler, Vivian C., (2007). Conservation Framing (Library of the Professional Picture Framing, Vol 4),Columba Publishing, ISBN 978-0938655039
• Logan, M. David, (2002). Mat, Mount, and Frame It Yourself, Watson-Guptill, ISBN 978-0823030385
• Kistler, Vivian C., (revised 2006).Picture Framing, Vol. 1 (Library of Professional Picture Framing, Vol 1), Columba Publishing, ISBN 978-0938655114
• Oberrecht, Kenn,(1998).Home Book of Picture Framing: Professional Secrets of Mounting Matting, Framing and Displaying Artworks, Photographs, Posters, Fabrics, Collectibles, Carvings and More,Stackpole Books, ISBN 978-0811727938

Links

• Colourmount board
• Frame mat board cutting solutions