Urdu keyboard

The Urdu keyboard is any keyboard layout for an Urdu computer and typewriter keyboards. Since the first Urdu typewriter was made available in 1911, the layout has gone through various phases of evolution.Zia (1999a)] With time, the variety of layouts introduced in the 1950s for mechanised compositions have reduced to very few that are compatible with the new digital age. Modern improvements in Urdu keyboard were pioneered by the National Language Authority ("Muqtadra Qaumi Zaban") in Pakistan, which standardised the linguistic aspects such as orthography and lexicography. These developments helped the keyboard layout to evolve from the typewriters to be compatible with computers, to increase the productivity and textual efficiency of the language, especially through modern electronic media.

Evolution of the Urdu keyboard

Urdu is a versatile language with the potential to expand and grow to fulfil the needs of modern communications technologies. When it was declared as the national language of the independent Pakistan in 1947, a variety of keyboard designs were quickly brought into the market by various individuals and organisations. [Dil (1962)] However, differences remained in the order of the keys and the number of characters. This underscored an urgent need for a standard form of keyboard adaptable for diverse users..

First generation

In 1963, the newly established Central Language Board in Pakistan standardardised the typewriter keyboard. The new standard keyboard also incorporated special characters of other provincial languages, such as Sindhi and Pushto. Languages spoken in Punjab and Balochistan could be easily accommodated within the Urdu characters.

Second generation

The keyboard was again modified in 1974. This time the layout was based on the frequency tables and bifurcation (balancing load on typist's fingers) techniques, and the characters relating to other languages were replaced with the numerals.

Third generation

In 1980, the National Language Authority of Pakistan developed a new keyboard layout for typewriters based on Naskh script. The keyboard had 46 keys to type 71 Urdu consonants, vowels, diacritics, and punctuation marks, and 21 key symbols for arithmetic calculations and digits. However, with the arrival of the digital age, the layout became inadequate for computerised processing that required software [Afzal (1997)] backup to select the shape of the character appropriate to the context, and the ability to store multiple language character sets [Zia (1996)] . These issues were addressed through the standardisation of keyboard [Zia (1999b)] for a bilingual teleprinter to use both English and Urdu. The new layout was found appropriate for use in computer-based applications and was immediately adopted with modifications for word processors.

Fourth generation

In 1998 National Language Authority, under Dr. Attash Durrani's supervision started working on a research and development project to standardise the Urdu encoding. This resulted in the formation of "Urdu Zabta Takhti" (اردو ضابطہ تختی) (UZT). In July 2000, UZT 1.01 was standardised for all kinds of electronic computing, communications, and storage. [Afzal and Hussain (2002)] Based on this version, Urdu language support was incorporated into the Versions 3.1 and 4.0 of Unicode. The Keyboard version 1 was finalized by NLA on Dec.14 , 1999 .In 2001, the National Database and Registration Authority of Pakistan fully adopted this keyboard for Data Entry operations of the Computerised National Identity Cards. Microsoft included this keyboard along with Urdu Language Locale in its Windows XP operating system for personal computers. [ [http://www.microsoft.com/middleeast/arabicdev/urdu/urdu_support.aspx Urdu language support] at [http://www.microsoft.com Microsoft website] . Retrieved on 3 June 2008.] This keyboard is now standard for the Urdu language. Developments in earlier part of 2008, led to the introduction of the 'ghost character theory' at the NLA, which allows for computerised orthographic representation of Perso-Arabic script. This enables wider scope of editing with the option of switching between the languages such as Arabic, Balochi, Pashto, Persian, Punjabi, and Sindhi respectively. [Parekh, R. (2008). [http://www.dawn.com/2008/06/24/fea.htm Can Urdu become the language of the internet?] . Dawn Newspaper. 24 June. Retrieved on 30 June 2008.]

Notes

References

* Afzal, M. (1997). Urdu Software Industry: Prospects, Problems and Need for Standards. "4th National Computer Conference". Islamabad.
* Afzal, M. and Hussain, S. (2002). Urdu computing standards: development of Urdu Zabta Takhti. (UZT) 1.01. Proceedings of the Multi Topic IEEE Conference (INMIC 2001) - Technology for the 21st Century. ISBN 0-7803-7406-1. pp. 216-22
* Dil, A.S. (1962). "Pakistani Linguistics". Linguistic Research Group of Pakistan.
* Zia, K. (1996). Information Processing in Urdu. "International Symposium on Multilingual Information Processing", AIST, MITI, Tsukuba, Japan. March.
* Zia, K. (1999a). [http://www.cicc.or.jp/english/hyoujyunka/mlit4/7-10Pakistan/Pakistan2.html A Survey of Standardization in Urdu] . "4th Symposium on Multilingual Information Processing" (MLIT-4). Yangon, Myanmar. CICC, Japan.
* Zia, K (1999b). Information Processing in Urdu. International Symposium on Multilingual Information Processing, AIST, MITI, Tsukuba, Japan. March.

See also

* Nasta'liq script
* Perso-Arabic script
* Urdu alphabet
* Urdu Informatics
* Urdu Wikipedia

External links

* [http://www.typeurdu.com/ Online Urdu Keyboard]
* [http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Urdu_Keyboard Urdu keyboard at OLPC]
* [http://www.nla.gov.pk/ National Language Authority, Pakistan]
* [http://patriot.net/~abdali/urdumac.html Urdu on Mac]
* [http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyId=CCF199BC-C987-48F5-9707-DC6C7D0E35D0&displaylang=ur MS Office 2003 Urdu Interface]
* [http://www.neosense.com/2005/11/28/urdu-keyboard/ Urdu Language phonetic keyboard]