Clarina I. H. Nichols

Clarina Irene Howard Nichols (January 25, 1810 – January 11, 1885) was a journalist, lobbyist and public speaker involved in all three of the major reform movements of the mid-19th century: temperance, abolition, and the women's movement that emerged largely out of the ranks of the first two. Though prominent enough in her time to merit her own chapter in Anthony's History of Woman Suffrage, Nichols has been overlooked since 1900 and only recently have her contributions to equal rights undergone a reassessment.

Born in West Townshend, Vermont, into a prosperous New England family, Clarina Nichols fell on hard times after a disastrous early marriage. Supporting herself and her children on “women’s wages” — one-half to one-third what men received for similar work — she began writing for a newspaper in Brattleboro, Vermont, the Windham County Democrat. She married the editor and publisher, George Nichols; when he became an invalid, she quietly took over his duties at the paper. Through her new profession, she was introduced to various reform movements of the day — temperance, women’s rights, anti-slavery, dress and diet reform — and embraced many of them.

She helped organize the fledgling women’s movement in the East. In October 1852, she helped organize the first of several petitions submitted to the Vermont legislature to give women the right to vote in school meetings.^[1]

When the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 threatened to establish slavery outside of the South, Clarina Nichols uprooted her family to become a pioneer and activist in Kansas. Her efforts helped catapult her adopted state into the forefront of women’s rights, gaining the respect and support of such women as Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. During the course of an ever-busy life, Clarina Nichols served as teacher, lecturer, editor, writer, farmer, lay doctor and lawyer, government clerk, matron in a home for destitute black children and widows, and conductor on the Underground Railroad. She died in 1885 in California, where she pioneered and agitated right to the end.

References

1. ^ Blackwell, Marilyn Schultz (December 2005). "The Politics of Motherhood: Clarina Howard Nichols and School Suffrage". The New England Quarterly 78 (4): 570–598. 

External links

• Clarina Nichols Website that features the 2006 biography, Revolutionary Heart: Clarina Nichols and the Pioneering Crusade for Women's Rights
• Biography, from a website created by the University of Kansas and the Kansas State Historical Society
• Clarina Irene Howard Nichols Papers. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.

Persondata
Name	Nichols, Clarina I.H.
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Date of birth	January 25, 1810
Place of birth
Date of death	January 11, 1885
Place of death