RAF Gatow

Infobox Airport
name = RAF Gatow
nativename =
nativename-a =
nativename-r =


image-width =
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IATA = GWW
ICAO = EDGB
type = Military (Airport no longer in operation)
owner = formerly: Ministry of Defence, now: Bundeswehr
operator = formerly: Royal Air Force, now: Bundeswehr
city-served =
location = Gatow, Berlin, Germany
elevation-f = 161
elevation-m = 49
coordinates =
website =
metric-elev =
metric-rwy =
r1-number = 08R/26L (closed)
r1-length-f = 6,043
r1-length-m = 1,842
r1-surface = was Asphalt, now partly removed
r2-number = 08L/26R
r2-length-f =
r2-length-m =
r2-surface = was Asphalt, now partly removed
stat-year =
stat1-header =
stat1-data =
stat2-header =
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footnotes =

Known for most of its operational life as Royal Air Force Station Gatow, or more commonly RAF Gatow, this former RAF military airbase is in the district of Gatow in south-western Berlin, west of the Havel river, in the borough of Spandau. It was the base for the only known operational use of flying boats in central Europe, and was later used for photographic reconnaissance missions by De Havilland Chipmunks over East Germany. Part of the former airfield is now called General-Steinhoff Kaserne, and is home to the Luftwaffenmuseum der Bundeswehr, the Luftwaffe Museum.

Also on the site of the former Royal Air Force station, but not part of "General-Steinhoff Kaserne", is a school, the Hans-Carossa-Gymnasium, as well as houses for government employees of the Federal Republic of Germany. This part of the former airfield has since 2003 been part of the district of Berlin-Kladow.

History

Luftwaffe use, 1934-1945

The airfield was originally constructed in 1934 and 1935 by the Luftwaffe as a staff and technical college, "Luftkriegsschule Berlin-Gatow", in imitation of the Royal Air Force College at Cranwell. The initial personnel came partially from the naval officer college in Mürwick. Opened on 1 April 1936, the air force college was re-named "Luftkriegsschule 2" on 15 January 1940. Its satellite airfields were Güterfelde and Reinsdorf. Airborne flying training ended in October 1944, due to fuel shortages. From 5 March 1945, aircrew officer cadets were retrained as paratroops, for ground operations which had very high casualties.

Clues to the airfield's original use survive in the barrack block accommodation, each block of which was named after a famous German airman of the First World War, with the airman's bust above the entrance door. The architect was Ernst Sagebiel, an architect who worked full-time for the Luftwaffe and also designed Tempelhof Airport. Other surviving features during the entire period of the airfield's use as RAF Gatow (1945-1994) included lightbulbs in the main hangars, many of which dated from the 1930s.

=Royal Air Force and Army Air Corps use=

1945-1948

Late April 1945, towards the end of World War II in Europe, the airfield was occupied by the advancing Red Army. Following the division of Berlin into four sectors, Soviet forces relinquished the airfield to the British after the Potsdam Conference (in exchange for Staaken-Dallgow airfield). On 25 June 1945, 284 Field Squadron, RAF Regiment, arrived at Gatow by land via Magdeburg. Their reception by Soviet troops was extremely hostile, the Soviets attempting to confine 284 Field Squadron behind barbed wire fences, as the Squadron was said to have arrived "too early". This set the pattern for relations, with Soviet checkpoints being set up beside the airfield manned by fully armed and unfriendly troops. RAF Regiment officers occasionally surveyed Soviet positions by air from Avro Ansons, and the tour of duty of RAF Regiment detachments at Gatow was limited to six months, because of the constant activity occasioned by the Soviet presence and the Berlin Airlift.

[
Dwight D. Eisenhower and Lucius D. Clay at RAF Gatow during the Potsdam Conference in 1945.]

The first landing by a Royal Air Force aircraft was by Avro Anson serial number "PW698" on 2 July 1945 at 11.55 hours. Initially, Gatow was called "Intermediate Landing Place No. 19", but on 19 August 1945 was renamed "Royal Air Force Station Gatow", or RAF Gatow for short. The Station was given the Latin motto "Pons Heri Pons Hodie", which may be translated as "A bridge yesterday, a bridge today".

RAF Gatow was also used as a civilian airport for a limited time. In 1946, BEA inaugurated an RAF Northolt - Hamburg - Gatow scheduled service at a frequency of six flights a week, using "Pionair" and Vickers Viking piston-engined aircraft."Berlin Airport Company - Airline Portrait - British Airways, February 1975 Monthly Timetable Booklet for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports", Berlin Airport Company, West Berlin, 1975]

The Berlin Airlift, 1948-1949

During the Berlin Airlift, the Station was modernised with a convert|2000|yd long concrete runway, using 794 German workers, in March 1947. Along with the American airfield of Tempelhof and the French airfield of Tegel, RAF Gatow played a key role in the Berlin airlift of 1948. Initially, about 150 Douglas Dakotas and 40 Avro Yorks were used to fly supplies into Gatow. By 18 July 1948, the RAF was flying 995 tons of supplies per day into the airfield.

Early in the Airlift, the Gatow air disaster took place. On 5 April 1948 a BEA Vickers 610 Viking 1B (registration: G-AIVP) operating that day's scheduled flight from Northolt via Hamburg to Berlin collided during its approach to RAF Gatow head-on with a Soviet Air Force Yakovlev 3 fighter, which was performing aerobatics in the area at that time. As a result of the collision, the Viking spiralled out of control and crashed convert|1.9|mi|km from the airport on East German territory with the loss of all 14 lives (four crew, ten passengers) on board the aircraft. The Soviet fighter pilot was killed in the accident as well. The subsequent investigation established the Soviet fighter pilot's action, which contravened all accepted rules of flying and the quadripartite flying rules to which Soviet authorities were parties, as the cause of the accident.

Alongside the RAF and various British civil aviation companies, the United States Air Force, the Royal Australian Air Force, the Royal Canadian Air Force, the Royal New Zealand Air Force and the South African Air Force all flew supplies into RAF Gatow during the Airlift.

In November the latest RAF transport aircraft, the Handley Page Hastings, was added to the squadrons flying into RAF Gatow and some aircrews and aircraft were redeployed to train replacement aircrews. Many of these were based at RAF Schleswigland, near Jagel, which is currently used by the Luftwaffe and the Marineflieger. A Hastings aircraft, which served on the airlift and was later RAF Gatow's 'gate guardian' until the station's closure, is now preserved in the "Alliierten Museum" (see weblink at base of page). By mid-December, the RAF had landed 100,000 tons of supplies. In April 1949, commercial airline companies involved in the airlift were formed into a Civil Airlift Division (of British European Airways) to operate under RAF control. Apart from BEA itself, these included a number of Britain's fledgling Independent airlines as well, such as the late Sir Freddie Laker's Air Charter and Harold Bamberg's Eagle Aviation. By mid-April, the combined airlift of all nations operations managed to make 1,398 flights in 24 hours, carrying 12,940 tons (13,160 t) of goods, coal and machinery, beating their record of 8,246 (8,385 t) set only days earlier.RAF Gatow has the unique and unlikely distinction of being the base for the only known operational use of flying boats in central Europe, during the Berlin Blockade, on the nearby "Großer Wannsee" in the Havel river. 0n 6 July 1948, the RAF began using 10 Short Sunderland and 2 Short Hythe flying boats, flying from Finkenwerder on the Elbe near Hamburg to Berlin. These were supplemented by the flying boat operations of Aquila Airways, an early post-war Independent British airline that was eventually absorbed into British United Airways. The flying boats' speciality was transporting bulk salt, which would have been very corrosive to other aircraft, but was not as corrosive to the flying boats because of their normal use for maritime operations.

The novel "Air Bridge" by Hammond Innes is partially set in RAF Gatow at the time of the Berlin Airlift, and is notable for its accurate descriptions of the Station, including corridors and rooms within it. Some of the descriptions were still accurate some 40 years after the book's publication.

To commemorate Australian participation in the Airlift, the Royal Australian Air Force presented RAF Gatow with a retired Douglas Dakota in the 1980s, to use as a gate guardian. The Luftwaffenmuseum der Bundeswehr preserves this aircraft on the airfield.

1949-1994

After the Berlin Blockade, RAF Gatow served as an airfield for the British Army's Berlin Brigade, and was prepared to revert to its role as a supply base, if another Berlin Airlift to West Berlin ever became necessary.

BEA moved to Tempelhof Airport in 1950, where most of West Berlin's commercial air transport operations were concentrated from then on. Gatow's non-military use after 1950 included several state visits by Queen Elizabeth and other members of the Royal Family, which frequently took place over the years. Occasionally, the airport also handled trooping flights operated by Independent British airlines such as Britannia Airways [http://www.airliners.net/photo/Britannia-Airways/Boeing-737-204/1257254/M/] and Court Line [http://www.airliners.net/photo/Court-Line/BAC-111-518FG-One-Eleven/1292589/M/] under contract to the MOD.

The "RAF Gatow Station Flight" used two De Havilland Chipmunk T10s, one of which is now in the "Alliierten Museum" (see weblink at base of page), to maintain and exercise the British legal right under the Potsdam Agreement to use the airspace over both West and East Berlin, as well as the air corridors to and from West Germany to the city.

These aircraft were also used for reconnaissance missions in co-operation with "The British Commander-in-Chief's Mission to the Soviet Forces of Occupation in Germany", commonly known as "BRIXMIS" (see weblink at base of page to the BRIXMIS Association). Known from 1956 as Operation Schooner and then Operation Nylon, they were authorised, at the highest level, on an irregular basis to carry out covert photographic reconnaissance flights. All flights had to be notified to the Berlin Air Safety Centre (BASC), a quadripartite organisation responsible for authorising all flights in the 3 Air Corridors and the Berlin Control Zone (BCZ). All the Chipmunk Flight Notification Cards in the BASC were stamped by the Soviets “Safety of Flight Not Guaranteed” due to their interpretation of the 1946 Agreement as excluding flights outside West Berlin. Within the BCZ were many Soviet and East German military airfields and other installations.

After the fall of the Berlin Wall, Chipmunk reconnaissance flights soon ceased and the two Chipmunks were flown to RAF Laarbruch, in Western Germany to await disposal action. Chipmunk WB466 was flown back to Berlin and was donated to the "Alliierten Museum" in Berlin, where it remains on display today. WG486 is still in RAF service with the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight (see weblink at base of page).RAF Gatow was from 1970 also used by the Army Air Corps, "7 Flight" being based at the station initially flying three Westland Sioux (UK-built Bell 47) and later Aérospatiale Gazelle AH 1 helicopters. From 1986, this was increased to six Aérospatiale Gazelle AH 1 and four Westland Lynx AH 7 helicopters, the Lynx's being equipped to fire TOW anti-tank missiles.

A Signals Unit (26SU) was also based at RAF Gatow and on the Teufelsberg in the Grunewald.
[
Thomas Kruger's defection in 1987] On 15 July 1987 a young East German, Thomas Krüger, defected by flying a Zlin Z-42M light aircraft of the "Gesellschaft für Sport und Technik" ("GST" - an East German youth military training organisation) to RAF Gatow from Schönhagen near Trebbin, in the Teltow-Fläming district of Brandenburg. His first words to the RAF Police were a request for political asylum. He was handed over to the civil authorities and received West German citizenship. His aircraft, registration DDR-WOH, was dismantled and returned to the East Germans by road, complete with humorous slogans painted on by RAF Airman such as "Wish you were here" and "Come back soon". DDR-WOH is still flying today, but since 1991 under the different registration D-EWOH.

East German invasion plans

The closest military neighbour to RAF Gatow was a tank unit of the "National People's Army" ("NVA") of East Germany. This was located immediately opposite the airfield, behind the section of the Berlin Wall that ran along the western side of the airfield, and was clearly visible from RAF Gatow's control tower. The Berlin Wall section opposite Gatow was not in fact a wall, but a wire fence. East Germany claimed that this was a "military courtesy", but nobody at RAF Gatow believed this, thinking that it was instead intended to make a military invasion easier. This surmise was confirmed after the reunification of Germany, when the East German invasion plans for West Berlin, codenamed "Operation CENTRE" were found. "Grenzregiment 34 "Hanno Günther" of the "Grenztruppen der DDR" was allocated the task of attacking and occupying RAF Gatow. The invasion plans were continually updated, even in 1990 when it was clear that East Germany would soon cease to exist.

RAF Gatow post-German reunification

Following the reunification of Germany, the British ceded control of Gatow Airport on 18 June 1994, and it was handed back to the Luftwaffe on 7 September 1994. It was kept in use as an airfield for a very short time, and closed to air traffic in 1995. The western end of the two runways was later removed to make way for housing, leaving only the eastern portions, cut mid-field on a diagonal line. The remaining portions are used for the outdoor aircraft display.

The history of RAF Gatow and of western forces in Berlin from 1945 to 1994 is told in the "Alliierten Museum", or the "Allied Museum" (see weblink at base of page).

Current use by the Luftwaffe and the Hans-Carossa-Gymnasium

The airfield is now called General-Steinhoff Kaserne. Units now based there are "Bw Fachschule Berlin-Gatow", "Fernmeldeaufklärungsabschnitt 921", "Luftwaffenunterstützungskompanie Gatow", "Kommando 3. Luftwaffendivision", "Luftwaffenmusikkorps 4" and "Truppenambulanz Berlin-Gatow".Also on the site of the former RAF station, but not part of "General-Steinhoff Kaserne", is a school, the Hans-Carossa-Gymnasium, and houses for government employees of the Federal Republic of Germany. This has been since 2003 part of the district of Berlin-Kladow.

The "General-Steinhoff Kaserne" is also home to the Luftwaffen Museum der Bundeswehr, the museum of the Luftwaffe which has many displays (including historic aircraft) and much information on German military aviation and the history of the airfield. Admission to the museum is free, and full details of the museum and how to get there are on the museum's website .

Bibliography

* Barker, Dudley, "Berlin Airlift" (HMSO, London, 1949)
* HQ Berlin Infantry Brigade, "Berlin Bulletin" Volume 45 Issue 36 (Berlin, 16 September 1994)
* Best, Peter B. & Gerlof, Andreas, "Flugplatz Gatow" (English edition "Gatow Airfield") (Kai Homilius Verlag, Berlin, 1998)
* Corbett, Major-General Sir Robert, "Berlin and the British Ally, 1945-1990", (Privately published by Sir Robert in Oerlinghausen, 1991)
* Geraghty, Tony, "BRIXMIS" (London 1996)
* Hall, Alan W., "Berlin Airlift", article in "Scale Aircraft Modelling", August 1998
* Innes, Hammond, "Air Bridge", (London, 1951)
* Marsden, Roy, "Operation 'Schooner/Nylon': RAF flying in the Berlin control zone", Intelligence and National Security volume 13, no. 4 (Winter 1998), pp 178-193.
* Meek, Colonel AD, "Operation CENTRE", article in "British Army Review", August 1994
* Miller, RE, "A Bridge Yesterday – The Story of Royal Air Force Gatow" (Undated, in "3. Luftwaffendivision" Archives)
* Wilson, Squadron Leader GD (edited by S/Ldr. PC Whitfield), "History of Gatow" (RAF Gatow, March 1971)

ee also

* Gatow - district of south-western Berlin
* West Berlin
* Berlin Airlift
* Berlin Wall
* Ernst Sagebiel
* 1948 Gatow air disaster

References

External links

* [http://daedalus-berlin.de/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=33&Itemid=76 History and photos (in German) of the airfield from 1934 to 1945]
* [http://www.suedwestbezirk.de/gatow.htm Gatow Airfield in the 1980s photographs]
* [http://www.bbaa-airlift.org.uk/ British Berlin Airlift Association]
* [http://www.rafweb.org/Stations/Station%20OCs-Germany.htm#Gatow RAF Gatow Station Commanders]
* [http://www.gatow.org/ RAF Gatow Old Boys Asoociation]
* [http://www.brixmis.co.uk/ The BRIXMIS Association]
* [http://se2.isn.ch/serviceengine/FileContent?serviceID=12&fileid=D5D4A113-3AD7-B895-529B-834D5CD0D195&lng=en BRIXMIS in the 1980s: The Cold War's 'Great Game', by Major General Peter Williams CMG OBE]
* [http://www.spyflight.co.uk/chipmunk.htm Reconnaissance missions from RAF Gatow by Chipmunks (article includes photos)]
* [http://www.knox.army.mil/armormag/backissues/1990s/1994/nd94/6berlin94.pdf Article on East German plans for the invasion and occupation of West Berlin]
* [http://www.planeboys.de/gww/the_airfield_gatow.htm Planeboys Spotters' page on Gatow]
* [http://www.alliiertenmuseum.de/ Alliierten Museum (The Allied Museum) - museum of the history of western forces in Berlin and Germany from 1945 to 1994 (in German, English and French)]
* [http://www.alliierteinberlin.de/index.html Alliierte in Berlin e.V.]
* [http://www.bbmf.co.uk/othertypes.html The ex-RAF Gatow Chipmunk in the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight]
* [http://www.western-allies-berlin.com History of the French, American and British Berlin Brigades]
* [http://aviation-safety.net/database/airport/airport.php?id=GWW The Aviation Safety Foundation's list of aviation accidents at RAF Gatow]
* [http://www.luftwaffe.de/ The Luftwaffe's official website]
* [http://www.luftwaffenmuseum.de/ Luftwaffen Museum der Bundeswehr - The Luftwaffe Museum official website in German and English]
* [http://www.hans-carossa-gymnasium.de/ The Hans-Carossa-Gymnasium (in German)]
* [http://www.hans-carossa-gymnasium.de/behrensProjekttag/bericht2.html The history of Gatow Airfield in German - a project of the Hans-Carossa-Gymnasium]
* [http://www.airliners.net/search/photo.search?regsearch=D-EWOH&distinct_entry=true 2003 photo of the Zlin Z-42M flown to RAF Gatow by an escaper from the GDR in 1987, now registered as D-EWOH]
* [http://adenairways.com/Schleswig/berlin_airlift.htm RAF Schleswigland and RAF Gatow during the Berlin Airlift]