Pit Bull

::"This article is about the group of breeds commonly called "Pit Bulls." For the specific breed from which the term is derived, see American Pit Bull Terrier or American Staffordshire Terrier."

Pit Bull is a term commonly used to describe several breeds of dog in the Molosser family that were historically used for dog fighting. The breeds most often placed in this category are the American Pit Bull Terrier, American Staffordshire Terrier and Staffordshire Bull Terrier.

In the media the term is vague and may include other breeds with similar physical characteristics, such as the Perro de Presa Canario, Cane Corso, Dogo Argentino, Alano Espanol, Japanese Tosa, Dogue de Bordeaux, Cordoba Fighting Dog, Bull Terrier, Antebellum Bulldog, Alapaha Blue Blood Bulldog, American Bulldog, Boxer, Valley Bulldog, Olde English Bulldogge, Renascence Bulldogge, and Banter Bulldogge. These breeds are rarely listed by name in breed-specific legislation, but they are sometimes included when the term is defined broadly and based on physical appearance. [ [http://www.franklincountyohio.gov/commissioners/ancl/programs/enforce_pitbull.cfm Ohio's legal definition of "Pit Bull"] ]

History

The ancestors of modern Pit Bulls come from the bulldogs and terriers of England. At one time, every county in England had its own breed of terrier. Many of these still exist; however, some have evolved into new ones. Such is the case for the English White and the Black and Tan terriers, whose descendants include the bull-and-terriers, the Fox Terrier, and the Manchester Terrier. Terriers served an important purpose in England by killing vermin that might otherwise ruin crops, damage property, or spread disease such as the Black Plague. The development of sports such as rat- or badger-baiting further added to the breeds' importance.This is an obedient animal.
Mastiff type dogs also have a long history in England; they are thought to have been brought by the Celts. It is also known that the Normans introduced the Alaunt. These dogs were used in battle and for guarding, but they also served utilitarian purposes, such as farm work. Specifically, these dogs accompanied farmers into the fields to assist with bringing bulls in for breeding, castration, or slaughter. The dogs, known generally as bulldogs, protected the farmer by subduing the bull if it attempted to gore him. Typically a dog would do this by biting the bull on the nose and holding on to the violently struggling bull despite injury. These traits permitted the development and rise of the bloody sports of bull-baiting and bear-baiting. In Elizabethan England, these spectacles were popular forms of entertainment, comparable to Shakespearean plays which often took place right next to the bearbaiting pits in Southwark. However, in 1835, bull-baiting and bear-baiting were abolished by Parliament as cruel, and the custom died out over the following years.

Dog fighting, which could be carried out under clandestine measures, blossomed. Since Bulldogs proved too ponderous and uninterested in dog fighting, the Bulldogs were crossed with English White and Black and Tan Terriers. They were also bred to be intelligent and level-headed during fights and remain non-aggressive toward their handlers. Part of the standard for organized dog-fighting required that the match referee who is unacquainted with the dog be able to enter the ring, pick up a dog while it was engaged in a fight, and get the respective owner to carry it out of the ring without being bitten. Dogs that bit the referee were culled.

As a result, Victorian fighting dogs (Staffordshire Bull Terriers and, though less commonly used as fighters, English Bull Terriers) generally had stable temperaments and were commonly kept in the home by the gambling men who owned them.

During the mid-1800s, immigration to the United States from Ireland and England brought an influx of these dogs to America, mainly to Boston, where they were bred to be larger and stockier, working as farm dogs in the West as much as fighting dogs in the cities. The resulting breed, also called the American Pit Bull Terrier, became known as an "all-American" dog. Pit Bull-type dogs became popular as family pets for citizens who were not involved in dog-fighting or farming. In the early 1900s they began to appear in films, one of the more famous examples being Pete the Pup from the "Our Gang" shorts (later known as "The Little Rascals").

During World War I the breed's widespread popularity led to its being featured on pro-American propaganda posters. (see poster, left)

The Pit Bull is the only dog to have appeared on the cover of Life Magazine three times. [ [http://www.heraldsquarehotel.com/dog_cvrs.htm http://www.heraldsquarehotel.com/dog_cvrs.htm] ]

Dog bite related human injuries

Statistics about dog bites are difficult to analyze because the term "Pit Bull" may be used to refer to other breeds. The differences in appearance which separate dog breeds are often hard to determine. Generally, dogs are categorized by differences in outward physical attributes. Recently, the decoding of the canine genome has allowed scientific testing to determine dog breeds, but this method is not yet widely used. [ [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5006477/ Dog genes tell surprising tales] ] Because of these uncertainties, statistics regarding dog bites are scientifically suspect. Yet another problem in gathering data is the lack of information about the total dog population. The public perception is that Pit Bulls are more likely to bite than other breeds. A 1999 "City Journal" article stated that "Pit bulls and pit-bull crosses (not always easy to distinguish) have caused more than a third of the nation's dog-bite fatalities since 1979 and a comparable proportion of serious injuries." [ [http://www.city-journal.org/html/9_2_scared_of_pit.html Scared of Pit Bulls? You’d Better Be!] ]

A comprehensive study by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention concluded that the pit bull breeds are the breed most often involved in fatal dog attacks in the U.S.A. Out of 238 dog bite deaths for which the breed was known from 1979 to 1998, 66 were caused by pit bull attacks (over 20%), more than any other breed. [ [http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/duip/dogbreeds.pdf Breeds of dogs involved in fatal human attacks in the United States between 1979 and 1998] ]

"The problem with statistics appears to be that there is no consistency in where the figuresare obtained, nor are there variables included in most studies. Some studies use AKCnumbers, some use HSUS numbers and others use CDC&P numbers. Few include causesor contributing circumstances to the attacks, nor are the total numbers of dogs in a certainbreed taken into consideration. There is no national recording system for non-fatal dogbites in the United States." [www.bestfriends.org]

A 2008 study of 6,000 dog owners who were interviewed indicated that smaller breed dogs were more likely to be “genetically predisposed towards aggressive behaviour.” Pit bulls were rated as “average or below average for hostility towards strangers.” [ [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1032531/Why-sausage-dogs-really-just-legged-fiends.html Why Sausage dogs are really just four-legged fiends] ] The study also indicated that bites from larger dogs were likely to be more damaging and reported more frequently, giving the impression that larger dogs are more aggressive.

As pets

In shelters across the United States, Pit Bulls or dogs that appear to be Pit Bulls comprise a large portion of the shelter's population and may be killed due to the stigma associated with the breed (or because of overcrowding). [cite web|title=Overpopulation|url=http://pitbullrescuesandiego.com/learn/overpopulation.htm |publisher=Pit Bull Rescue San Diego|accessmonthday=22 August 2007] ]

Bans

This table shows places where Pit Bulls have been banned or where bans were proposed.

Global

United States

Legal issues in the United States

The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) published a study concerning deaths from canine attacks in 2000. [http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/duip/dogbreeds.pdf] According to the study, between 1979 and 1998, one-third of all fatal dog attacks were caused by Pit Bull type dogs. The highest number of attacks (118) were by Pit Bull type dogs, the next highest being Rottweilers at 67. However, the validity of this study is questionable based on the fact that the data obtained for their study was derived primarily from newspaper reports. With breed identification at best being nearly impossible, the lack of reliability of breed identification provided by newspaper reports, poses a confounding variable for the significance and validity of such a report.

A followup to the study published in 2000 by Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association suggested that "generic non–breed-specific, dangerous dog laws can be enacted that place primary responsibility for a dog’s behavior on the owner, regardless of the dog’s breed. In particular, targeting chronically irresponsible dog owners may be effective." [cite journal|title = Dog-Bite-Related Fatalities -United States, 1995-1996|journal = Center for Disease Control|date= 1997-05-30|url =http://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/PrevGuid/m0047723/m0047723.asp|format = HTML|accessdate = 2006-12-15]

Misconceptions

Locking jaws

According to Dr. I. Brisbin, a senior researcher with the Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of South Carolina, Pit Bulls do not have a "locking jaw" mechanism: [ Toledo v. Tellings, Slip Copy, 2006 WL 513946 ]

cquote|The few studies which have been conducted of the structure of the skulls, mandibles and teeth of Pit Bulls show that, in proportion to their size, their jaw structure and thus its inferred functional morphology, is no different from that of any breed of dog.There is absolutely no evidence for the existence of any kind of 'locking mechanism' unique to the structure of the jaw and/or teeth of the American Pit Bull Terrier. [ Toledo v. Tellings, Slip Copy, Paragraph 25, 2006 WL 513946 ]

A variant of the "locking jaw" story is told by Tom Skeldon, Lucas County (Ohio), dog warden, who said that an impounded Pit Bull that had been used in fighting started "going wild," biting at the walls of the kennel. [ [http://www.all-creatures.org/adow/art-dogsblood.html http://www.all-creatures.org/adow/art-dogsblood.html] ] He shot the dog with a tranquilizer, and then left it for five minutes to let it pass out. When he came back the dog had indeed passed out, but not before it had leaped up and clamped its jaws on a cable used to open the door of the kennel. "Everything else was relaxed, the dog was out cold, but its jaws wouldn't let go of that cable, and he was hanging in midair," said Skeldon. "Not even a jaguar will do that."

However, an incident reported by the Associated Press suggests that other breeds may also fail to relax their jaws when they become unconscious. An Albuquerque police officer was attacked, in October 2005, by a Belgian Malinois, a dog used for herding and police work, with no significant commonality with "Pit Bulls." The dog bit the officer on the arm. When the officer couldn't shake free, she shot the dog, killing it. Still, other officers had to come to her aid, and pry the dead dog's jaws off the officer's arm.

Inability to feel pain

Another common misconception is that Pit Bulls don't feel pain. Pit Bulls have the same nervous system as any other breed, and they can and do feel pain. Historically, breeders propagated dogs who would tolerate or ignore discomfort and pain allowing them to finish required tasks. This trait is known as “gameness” which is defined as “The desire to continue on and/or complete a task despite pain and discomfort.” Therefore care must be taken to avoid serious injuries, since Pit Bulls, like some herding dogs, will continue to perform tasks despite injuries as severe as broken legs.

Pepper spray or other pain when attacking

Another urban myth surrounding this breed states that Pit Bulls are the only type of dog that are not affected by capsaicin-based dog-repellent sprays. In fact, many other dog breeds also display this resistance to pepper spray when they are attacking. Documented cases include Bull Mastiffs, Rottweilers and many German Shepherds (including Police K-9s). [ [http://www.policek9.com/html/oc.html http://www.policek9.com/html/oc.html] ] In the words of two police officers, it is "not unusual for pepper spray not to work on dogs" [ [http://www.stuff.co.nz/stuff/0,2106,3535994a11aT,00.html http://www.stuff.co.nz/stuff/0,2106,3535994a11aT,00.html] ] and "just as OC spray doesn't work on all humans, it won't work on all canines." [ [http://www.policemag.com/survivalguide.pdf http://www.policemag.com/survivalguide.pdf] ]

It is also untrue that the Pit Bull is the only dog that will keep attacking after being sub-lethally shot. Rottweilers, Mastiffs and German Shepherds have all exhibited this capacity. [ [http://www.policek9.com/html/vasko.html] ] [ [http://www.stuff.co.nz/stuff/0,2106,3535994a11aT,00.html New Zealand, world, sport, business & entertainment news on Stuff.co.nz ] ]

Insurance problems

Many homeowners' insurance companies in the United States are reluctant to insure owners of dogs that are considered to be a dangerous breed. Allstate (depending on the state) may not insure homes with Pit Bulls or even Boxers, Akitas, Chow Chows, Dobermans, Rottweilers, or wolf hybrids. [ [http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/west/2005/03/18/52721.htm Washington Bill Asks Insurers to Consider Dogs' Deeds, not their Breeds ] ] The Automobile Club of Southern California will refuse to provide homeowner's insurance if a dog living in the home "looks like a Pit Bull". [Confidential communication from ACSC adjuster in Pasadena, CA office.] The CDC estimates that 4.7 million people were bitten by dogs in 1994. By analyzing data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-All Injury Program (NEISS-AIP), the CDC determined that 368,245 persons were treated in U.S. hospitals for nonfatal dog bites in 2001, and that approximately 2% of the U.S. population are attacked by dogs per year. These attacks most often occur on the owner's property. [ [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5226a1.htm http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5226a1.htm] ]

Some insurance companies have taken a compromise position, and will only insure Pit Bull owners if their dogs have achieved a Canine Good Citizen award. [ [http://www.akc.org/news/index.cfm?article_id=2408 http://www.akc.org/news/index.cfm?article_id=2408] ]

Breed specific legislation (BSL)

In response to a number of well-publicized incidents involving dogs that resemble Pit Bulls, some jurisdictions began placing restrictions on the ownership of Pit Bulls, such as the Dangerous Dogs Act 1991 in the UK, an example of breed-specific legislation. Many jurisdictions have outlawed the possession of Pit Bulls, either Pit Bull breeds specifically, or in addition to other breeds that are regarded as dangerous. The DEFRA (Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs) office explains why Pit Bulls are prohibited in Great Britain; "The prohibited types were all considered to have been bred specifically to be fighting dogs. Organised dog fighting is illegal in Great Britain. Under the Dangerous Dogs Act 1991 other types of dogs can be added to the prohibited list by Order in Council." [http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/welfare/domestic/ddogsleaflet.pdf]

Pit Bull Terriers are regulated in the United Kingdom under the Dangerous Dogs Act 1991, administered by the government agency DEFRA. It is illegal to own any of these dogs without a specific exemption from a court. Licensing is done by local governments, dogs must be muzzled and kept on a leash in public, they must be registered and insured, and receive microchip implants. In November 2002, The Princess Royal was fined £500 under the provisions of the Act.

The Canadian province of Ontario, on August 29, 2005 enacted a ban on Pit Bulls. It was the first province or state in North America to do so. [ [http://www.cbc.ca/story/canada/national/2005/03/02/pit-bull-050302.html http://www.cbc.ca/story/canada/national/2005/03/02/pit-bull-050302.html] ] The breeds listed in the ban [ [http://www.ontla.on.ca/documents/Bills/38_Parliament/Session1/b132_e.htm http://www.ontla.on.ca/documents/Bills/38_Parliament/Session1/b132_e.htm] ] can no longer be sold, bred, or imported and all Pit Bull owners must leash and muzzle their Pit Bulls in public. A 60 day grace period has been put in place to allow for owners to have their Pit Bulls spayed or neutered. [ [http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1125278311720_42?s_name=&no_ads= http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1125278311720_42?s_name=&no_ads=] ] Also it left a period to allow municipalities to adjust to the new law. Prior to the bill's passage, the Ontario government cited what it deemed the success of a Pit Bull bylaw passed by Winnipeg, Manitoba. [ [http://www.attorneygeneral.jus.gov.on.ca/english/news/2004/20041015-pitbulls-nr.asp http://www.attorneygeneral.jus.gov.on.ca/english/news/2004/20041015-pitbulls-nr.asp] ]

Legal challenges to legislation in the United States

As early as 1921, courts have upheld breed specific ordinances in municipalities as a legitimate exercise of police power. ["See McQueen v. Kittitas County", 115 Wash. 672 (1921)] These have not been without their Constitutional challenges. A 1991 Colorado Supreme Court case outlines the basic arguments against Pit Bull specific legislation. It incorporated cases from Arkansas, Ohio, New Mexico, Florida, et al. and several federal district courts, which upheld similar statutes. The case has become federal precedent for what classifies a constitutionally acceptable definition of a "Pit Bull" when the statute cites the United Kennel Club as the standard for defining the characteristics of the breed. ["See" the 2007 federal court decision in "Coalition of Human Advocates for K9's and Owners v. City and County of San Francisco", 2007 WL 641197 (N.D.Cal. 27 February 2007) citing descriptions outlined by the UKC as the standard] The Constitutional issues raised by the case cover the quintessential arguments against Pit Bull targeted legislation.

In "Colorado Dog Fanciers, Inc. v. City and County of Denver" [820 P.2d 644, Colo., 1991] , the Supreme Court of Colorado reviewed "en banc" claims that the 1989 "Pit Bulls prohibited" city ordinance was unconstitutional. The ordinance made it:

unlawful for any person to 'own, possess, keep, exercise control over, maintain, harbor, transport, or sell within the City any Pit Bull.' § 8-55(a). The ordinance permitted an owner of a previously licensed Pit Bull to keep the dog only if the owner (1) annually renewed a 'Pit Bull license' (2) proved that the dog had been spayed or neutered and had been vaccinated against rabies, (3) kept the dog confined or securely leashed and muzzled, and (4) maintained $100,000 in liability insurance. § 8-55(d).

The ordinance defined a Pit Bull as:

Any dog that is an American Pit Bull Terrier, American Staffordshire Terrier, Staffordshire Bull Terrier, or any dog displaying a majority of physical traits of any one or more of the above breeds, or any dog exhibiting those distinguishing characteristics which substantially conform to the standards established by the American Kennel Club or United Kennel Club for any of the above breeds.

The trial court held that the ordinance on its face was unconstitutional as a violation of due process rights because it placed the burden of proof on the dog owner that his animal was not a Pit Bull for purposes of the ordinance. Furthermore, the trial court severed the licensing requirement as lacking a rational basis. It judicially modified the ordinance and ordered a 120 day notice to affected owners to comply with the provisions of the modification. Both parties appealed the decision.

Petitioners opposed to the ordinance made several constitutional challenges:

*Owners were not afforded sufficient due process when the animal would be impounded for an alleged violation of the ordinance
*Ordinance violated due process rights by creating a legislative presumption of criminal culpability of knowingly and voluntarily possessing a Pit Bull
*Ordinance violated due process rights by permitting a finding that an animal fell within the definition of a Pit Bull without expert testimony
*Ordinance was vague and overbroad for treating all Pit Bulls and substantially similar breeds as inherently dangerous
*Ordinance violated Constitutional guarantees of Equal Protection under the law by targeting Pit Bull owners while omitting owners of other presumably dangerous breeds

The Supreme Court rejected each of these claims. It found that Pit Bull owners as a class were not constitutionally suspect when identified in a statute (as opposed to race, ethnicity, and natural origin). Furthermore, the ownership of an animal was not a fundamental right guaranteed by the Constitution, but a liberty interest to be safeguarded. Consequently, the court required only a rational basis test for the constitutionality of the ordinance. It held that state police power held a "significant state interest" in public safety and welfare, and that regulation of dogs was a proper exercise of that power. ["See Colorado Dog Fanciers, Inc. v. City and County of Denver" (820 P.2d 644, at 652, Colo.,1991), Justice ERICKSON delivering opinion of the court] The court adopted the trial court findings that, "Pit Bull attacks, unlike attacks by other dogs, occur more often, are more severe, and are more likely to result in fatalities. The trial court also found that Pit Bulls tend to be stronger than other dogs, often give no warning signals before attacking, and are less willing than other dogs to retreat from an attack, even when they are in considerable pain." ["See Ibid" at 652, "see also" the 2004 federal case "Warboys v. Proulx", 303 F.Supp.2d 111 FN13(D.Conn., 2004), "the Pit Bull poses a danger distinct from other breeds of dogs which do not so uniformly share those traits"] However, the court did not cite any scientific sources for this legal conclusion.

The Supreme Court did affirm the lower court's ruling that the burden should fall to the state in proving whether an owner's dog was a "Pit Bull" for purposes of the ordinance. Given the case's federal citations for due process claims, this is particularly significant to those statutes of other states which place the burden on the owner in contrast to the Colorado ruling. Pit Bull owners facing prosecution who hold the burden of proof for their dog could challenge the statute on due process grounds under the reasoning in "Colorado Dog Fanciers".

The Colorado case did not address expert findings that specific breeds should not be banned from municipalities. Other jurisdictions have deferred the weighing of scientific evidence to the legislature, but do not accept expert testimony to the contrary if the legislature has a "rational basis for public health and safety." ["See Holt v. City of Maumelle", 817 S.W.2d 208 (Ark.,1991)]

Subsequent to this ruling, a 2004 law passed by the Colorado General Assembly now prohibits breed specific laws. The city of Denver challenged the law on the basis of home rule wherein the city's charter could supersede state law if the issue was to be considered as "local" as opposed to that of a mixed concern, or statewide concern. The district court (not the Colorado Supreme Court) said that there was no new evidence to change its ruling on the Dog Fancier's Case and that it was a local issue. The court refused to allow evidence in which was given to the Colorado Legislature when they passed HB 04-1279 previously. Therefore, the Denver ordinance was reinstated. Over 260 "Pit Bull type" dogs have been seized from their homes and euthanised since this date, resulting in national protest by dog owners and animal rights lobbying groups. [ [http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-07-20-denver-pit-bull_x.htm?csp=34 http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-07-20-denver-pit-bull_x.htm?csp=34] ] Since 1989, Denver authorities have confiscated and destroyed over 1100 Pit Bulls from city residents who have violated the ordinance. Dog owners continue to bring Pit Bulls into the city.

No such ban on other dogs deemed dangerous has been enacted. [ [http://www.thedenverdailynews.com/?page=details&id=2663&t=Archive Denver Daily News ] ]

Ohio became the first state jurisdiction to find its breed specific legislation unconstitutional on due process grounds. In "Toledo v. Tellings" (March 3 2006), a 2-1 decision, the Ohio Sixth District Court of Appeals struck down breed specific legislation that restricted Pit Bull ownership in Toledo, Ohio. The law had relied on a state definition of a vicious dog as one that has bitten or killed a human, has killed another dog, or "belongs to a breed that is commonly known as a Pit Bull dog." The court held that the legislation was void for violation of a Pit Bull owner's right to due process, because the owner could not appeal a designation of his pet as a vicious dog. For the majority, Judge William Skow wrote: [ [http://www.sconet.state.oh.us/rod/newpdf/6/2006/2006-ohio-975.pdf http://www.sconet.state.oh.us/rod/newpdf/6/2006/2006-ohio-975.pdf] ] "Since we conclude that there is no evidence that Pit Bulls are inherently dangerous or vicious, then the city ordinance limitation on ownership is also arbitrary, unreasonable, and discriminatory." The court found no rational basis for the law. The case went before the Ohio Supreme Court and a final determination was made that overruled the 6th District Appellate decision. Mr. Tellings has appealed the case to the SCOTUS(Dec, 2007) and is awaiting a decision on hearing. [ [http://www.toledoblade.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060304/NEWS02/603040406&SearchID=73239126879623 http://www.toledoblade.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060304/NEWS02/603040406&SearchID=73239126879623] ]

The State of Virginia now has Anti-BSL laws prohibiting cities and counties from banning a dog of certain breed or cross breed.

The State of Florida, Statute 767.14 [ [http://flsenate.gov/statutes/index.cfm?mode=View%20Statutes&SubMenu=1&App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=767.14&URL=CH0767/Sec14.HTM http://flsenate.gov/statutes/index.cfm?mode=View%20Statutes&SubMenu=1&App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=767.14&URL=CH0767/Sec14.HTM] forbids local governments in Florida from enacting breed specific laws unless the law was in place before October 1 1990. Several communities, including Miami-Dade County, Florida had such laws in place before the law took effect and Pit Bull ownership is banned there.

In Vanater v. Village of S. Point, the Ohio federal district court held that the village criminal ordinance prohibiting the owning or harboring of pit bull terriers within the village limits was not overbroad & was rationally related to the village's duty to protect the safety of its citizens. Also, the court determined the village showed that pit bull terriers are uniquely dangerous & therefore, are proper subjects of the village's police power for the protection of the public's health & welfare. Pit Bulls also possess the quality of gameness, which is not a totally clear concept, but which can be described as the propensity to catch and maul an attacked victim unrelentingly until death occurs, or as the continuing tenacity and tendency to attack repeatedly for the purpose of killing. It is clear that the unquantifiable, unpredictable agressiveness and gameness of Pit Bulls make them uniquely dangerous. Pit Bulls have the following distinctive behavioral characteristics: a) grasping strength, b) climbing and hanging ability, c) weight pulling ability, d) a history of frenzy, which is the trait of unusual relentless ferocity or the extreme concentration on fighting and attacking, e) a history of catching, fighting, and killing instinct, f) the ability to be extremely destructive and aggressive, g) highly tolerant of pain, h) great biting strength, i) undying tenacity and courage and they are highly unpredictable. While these traits, tendencies or abilities are not unique to Pit Bulls exclusively, Pit Bulls will have these instincts and phenotypical characteristics; most siginficantly, such characteristics can be latent and may appear without warning or provocation. The breeding history of Pit Bulls makes it impossible to rule out a violent propensity for any one dog as gameness and aggressiveness can be hidden for years. Given the Pit Bull's genetical physical strengths and abilities, a Pit Bull always poses the possibility of danger; given the Pit Bull's breeding history as a fighting dog and the latency of its aggressiveness and gameness, the Pit Bull poses a danger distinct from other breeds of dogs which do not so uniformly share those traits. While Pit Bulls are not the only breed of dog which can be dangerous or vicious, it is reasonable to single out the breed to anticipate and avoid the dangerous aggressiveness which may be undetectable in a Pit Bull. http://www.animallaw.info/cases/caus717fsupp1236.htm

Debate

The extent to which banning a particular breed is effective in reducing dog bite fatalities is contested. Some people maintain that Pit Bull attacks are directly attributable to irresponsible ownersFact|date=July 2008, rather than to any inherent defect in the breed itself. Other people believe that the Pit Bull Terrier is a breed that, although not inherently dangerous, needs a particularly knowledgeable and committed handler and should not be freely available to novice owners.

Pit Bulls are said to be popular with irresponsible owners, who see these dogs as a symbol of status or machismoFact|date=July 2008. This type of owner may be less likely to socialize, train, or desex their pet. It is known that unneutered male dogs account for a disproportionate amount of all fatal dog attacks. Some say that many of those who do not believe in altering male dogs also believe that having and training an aggressive dog "goes with the territory," Fact|date=July 2008 so to speak. Irresponsible ownership can have a great impact on how a breed is represented in attack statistics Fact|date=July 2008.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, which maintains the United States' database on fatal wounds inflicted by dog bites, does not advocate breed-specific legislation, instead encouraging "Dangerous Dog" laws that focus on individual dogs of any breed that have exhibited aggressive behavior.Centers for Disease Control. [http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/duip/dogbreeds.pdf "Breeds of dogs involved in fatal human attacks in the United States between 1979 and 1998"] , 2000.] The CDC study is also admittedly flawed due to a large number of dog breeds being unknown when the study was compiled. It bears mentioning that using newspaper reports as evidence is hardly the most valid data available.

Huntsville, Alabama police raided a dog-fighting arena on 28 February 2002 and seized 10 Pit Bulls. The city's attempt to legally euthanize four Pit Bull puppies, never trained to fight, was stopped by Madison County Circuit Court Judge Joe Battle, who ruled that the Pit Bull puppies were not dangerous by virtue of their genetics alone (AP Wire; 6 April 2002).

Huntsville appealed to the Alabama Supreme Court, which affirmed (City of Huntsville v. Sheila Tack et al., 1010459, S.C. Alabama; 30 August 2002) the Circuit Court opinion by a 6-2 vote; the written dissent addressed procedural matters of legal status of the parties, not the nature of the dogs. The puppies were adopted.Animal Rights group PETA sent the Judge a letter calling for the execution of all the pups. Ingrid Newkirk, president of PETA, officially advocates the euthanasia of pitbull dogs brought in to animal shelters, as well as a ban on their breeding.Newkirk, Ingrid. [http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2005/06/08/EDGDLD4G1S1.DTL&type=printable "Controlling an animal as deadly as a weapon"] , "San Francisco Chronicle", June 8 2005.] PETA's position on dog breeding in general is that it is an unnecessary practice, and is not limited to pitbulls.PETA. [http://peta.org/campaigns/ar-pitbullbreeding.asp] , Retrieved September 15 2007.]

American Airlines banned "Rottweilers, Doberman Pinschers, American Staffordshire Terriers, Bull Terriers, American Pit Bull Terriers, and any mixed breeds containing one or more of those breeds" in August of 2002 following an incident involving an American Pit Bull Terrier puppy that escaped from luggage into the cargo hold of an airliner, causing damage to the cargo hold. The American Kennel Club lobbied the airline to lift the restriction, arguing that the incident was merely one of improper restraint, and could have involved any dog breed.

The restriction was lifted in May 2003 after a compromise was reached that requires portable dog carriers in the cargo hold to employ releasable cable ties on four corners of the door of the carrier.

Dog fights

Pit Bulls are often used for dog fights, due to their strength, courage and widespread availability. Fight training often means using other dogs of the same sex, as most dogs will not show aggression towards the opposite sex. The true "pit dogs" have excellent attitudes towards humans and show aggression to other animals and other dogs.Fact|date=September 2008 Although dog fighting is illegal in the United States, it is still practiced, and is sometimes accompanied by gambling. In the United States Commonwealth of Virginia, for example, it is a felony to organize, promote, be employed by, or wager on a dogfight, whether one is physically present at the fight or not. Laws vary in other states, but most states have some laws to address dogfighting.

Most people who own these breeds direct their dogs' plentiful energy toward nonviolent athletic tasks.Fact|date=September 2008 Some people train their Pit Bulls for dog agility. Others involve their Pit Bulls in weight pulling competitions, obedience competitions or Schutzhund. The Pit Bull often excels at these sports.Fact|date=September 2008

Media coverage

;Positive press

Some work in hospitals and care facilities as certified [http://www.thisisruby.com/tdi.html therapy dogs] , many are well-loved family pets, and some have even [http://www.understand-a-bull.com/Articles/HeroicPitties/HeroicPitties.htm saved people's lives] . There are many instances of Pit Bulls being productively employed by U.S. Customs [ [http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/Terrorism/story?id=1200304&page=2 http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/Terrorism/story?id=1200304&page=2] ] , as police K9s. [ [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2001/07/30/MN166935.DTL http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2001/07/30/MN166935.DTL] ]

Pit Bulls have been reported in the news media as "adopting" other species of animals, such as kittens (fig. 1). This is one possible origin of the breed nickname "nanny dog". [ [http://dogsinthenews.com/stories/060929a.php http://dogsinthenews.com/stories/060929a.php] ] However, it is more widely accepted that the "nanny dog" nickname comes from Pit Bull-type dogs' innate love and tolerance of children.

A rescued Pit Bull called Popsicle is a United States Customs dog, and is famous for sniffing out one of the biggest cocaine busts in history. [ [http://www.cbp.gov/xp/CustomsToday/2002/October/k9.xml http://www.cbp.gov/xp/CustomsToday/2002/October/k9.xml] ]

In February, 2006, "New Yorker" magazine writer Malcolm Gladwell published an article surveying the research on Pit Bulls which concluded that legal attempts to ban the breed were both crude and unnecessary. [ [http://malcolmgladwell.com/2006/2006_02_06_a_pitbull.html http://malcolmgladwell.com/2006/2006_02_06_a_pitbull.html] ]

In February 2007 a Pit Bull named "Chief" rescued his family of humans from a spitting cobra by dashing in front of the attacking snake and taking the deadly bite himself. Chief subdued the snake but died of the venom 30 minutes later. [ [http://dogsinthenews.com/stories/070301a.php http://dogsinthenews.com/stories/070301a.php] ]

In April 2007, columnist John Canzano of The Oregonian newspaper wrote a favorable piece on Hollywood, the Pit Bull that formerly belonged to NBA player Qyntel Woods. [ [http://www.oregonlive.com/sports/oregonian/john_canzano/index.ssf?/base/sports/11778153323570.xml&coll=7 What happened to Qyntel's Pit Bull?] ] Hollywood, renamed Stella, was adopted by a loving owner and reformed from a fighting dog to a lap dog.

Nearly fifty Pit Bulls were seized from Michael Vick's dogfighting operation in 2007. Of those dogs, one was euthanized because of aggression issues. About half were sent to Best Friends Animal Society, a Utah animal sanctuary, where they are receiving care and behavioral training. The others, which were behaviorally evaluated as being suitable candidates for adoption, went to various other groups. Bay Area Doglovers Responsible About Pit Bulls (BAD RAP), transported thirteen of these dogs in an RV across the United States to Oakland, California, where they were placed in adoptive and foster homes. [cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/LIVING/wayoflife/01/27/vick.dogs.ap/index.html|title= From fighters to friends, Vick's Pit Bulls learn new life|accessdate = 2008-01-27|publisher=CNN] . BAD RAP detailed the timeline of the dogs progress, from initial evaluations to fostering and adoption, on its website. [cite web|url=http://www.badrap.org/rescue/vick/index.cfm|title=A Second Chance for the Vick-tims|publisher=BAD RAP|accessdate = 2008-01-27]

;News reports of injuries and fatal attacks

News media stories of Pit Bull attacks involving disfiguring injury to humans and other animals, the latter very often also fatally, ranging in size from attacks on smaller nonpitbull dogs [cite web
url = http://wjz.com/pets/local_story_115221111.html
title = Pit Bulls Kill Small Dog Chained In Family's Yard
accessmonthday = June 15 2007WJZ-TV (CBS), April 25 2007; Woodland, Maryland USA.] [cite web
url = http://www.knbc.com/news/13456596/detail.html?subid=10101581
title = Pit Bulls Kill Poodle, Attack Woman Near Middle School
accessmonthday = June 15 2007KNBC-TV, June 6 2007; Tustin, California USA.] to horses [cite web
url = http://www.officer.com/article/article.jsp?siteSection=1&id=36342
title = Pit Bull Attacks Iowa Police Horse
accessmonthday = June 15 2007"Waterloo-Cedar Falls Courier", June 1 2007; Waterloo, Iowa USA.] [cite web
url = http://www.thekansascitychannel.com/newsarchive/11178197/detail.html
title = Pit Bull Attacks, Kills Show Horse
accessmonthday = June 15 2007KMBC-TV, March 5 2007; Leavenworth County, Kansas USA.] [cite web
url = http://sports.aol.com/fanhouse/category/steelers/2007/03/01/pit-bulls-kill-race-horse-joey-porter-not-involved
title = Pit Bulls Kill Race Horse
accessmonthday = June 15 2007AOL Sports, March 1 2007; Spokane Valley, Washington USA.] [cite web
url = http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06264/723752-54.stm
title = Joey Porter's dogs get loose, kill miniature horse
accessmonthday = August 13 2007"Pittsburgh Post-Gazette" newspaper, September 21 2006; Pine, Pennsylvania USA. "Charges could be filed by the end of the week over an incident Tuesday in which two dogs belonging to Steelers linebacker Joey Porter -- a Pit Bull and a mastiff -- got loose from Mr. Porter's Pine home and killed a miniature horse at a nearby farm.."] [cite web
url = http://www.thedenverchannel.com/news/4966374/detail.html
title = Dogs Shot, Killed After They Attack Goat, Horse
accessmonthday = June 15 2007KMGN-TV, September 13 2005; Denver, Colorado USA.] [cite web
url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/gate/archive/2003/11/23/horse23.DTL
title = Pit Bull attacks police horse in Golden Gate Park
accessmonthday = June 15 2007"San Francisco Chronicle" newspaper, November 23 2003] can be found globally. [cite web
url = http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/george-dies-saving-kids/2007/05/02/1177788206002.html
title = George the Jack Russell dies saving kids
accessmonthday = June 15 2007"The Sydney Morning Herald" Australian newspaper, May 2 2007; location: Manaia, New Zealand,] [cite web
url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article2380173.ece
title = Girl, 5, stood no chance against Pit Bull
accessmonthday = September 8 2007"The Times", UK newspaper September 3 2007. Location: United Kingdom.] The Pit Bulls involved were not always loose and off the owner's property, but sometimes were inside the home of the owner, who, or a family member or visitor, was the victim of the aggression. Fatal Pit Bull attacks to children and adults have been reported by the English-language news media in the United States and United Kingdom. [cite web
url = http://www.contracostatimes.com/search/ci_5978970
title = Pit Bulls euthanized after mauling 90-year-old who died
accessmonthday = June 15 2007"Contra Costa Times/Associated Press, May 27 2007; San Antonio, Texas USA.] [cite web
url = http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20070102/ai_n17089423
title = Pit Bull kills child and injures grandmother
accessmonthday = June 15 2007"The Independent" newspaper, January 2 2007; London, England UK.] [cite web
url = http://www.washingtontimes.com/metro/20060329-103651-3645r.htm
title = Pit Bull owner sentenced to 3 years in fatal mauling
accessmonthday = June 15 2007"The Washington Times", March 30 2006; Spotsylvania, Virginia USA] [cite web
url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/merseyside/6222319.stm
title = Girl killed by Pit Bull terrier
accessmonthday = June 15 2007BBC, January 1 2007; London, England UK] [cite web
url = http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4188/is_20060728/ai_n16644718
title = Pit Bull jumps fence and kills gardener, 71
accessdate = 2007-06-15Associated Press, July 28 2006; Kansas City, Kansas USA.] [cite web
url = http://209.85.165.104/search?q=cache:qmNpDCcfdTQJ:www.understand-a-bull.com/BSL/MistakenIdentity/Detroit/DetroitwrongID1205D.pdf+%22Pit+Bull%22+kills&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=14&gl=us
title = Pit Bull kills 91-year-old Detroit woman
accessmonthday = June 15 2007"The Detroit News", December 6 2005; Detroit, Michigan USA.] [cite web
url = http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2005/06/04/MNGCUD3O661.DTL
title = S.F. boy, 12, killed by his family's Pit Bulls
accessmonthday = June 15 2007"San Francisco Chronicle" newspaper, June 4 2005; San Francisco, California USA.] [cite web
url = http://www.wboy.com/story.cfm?func=viewstory&storyid=2866
title = Pit Bull Kills Child in Huntington
accessmonthday = June 15 2007WBOY-TV (NBC TV), May 18 2005; Huntington, West Virginia USA.] [cite web
url = http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/05/12/national/main694926.shtml
title = Pit Bulls Kill Owner In Home
accessmonthday = June 15 2007CBS News, May 12 2005; St. Louis, Missouri USA.] [cite web
url = http://www.unchainyourdog.org/news/041214DogKills.htm
title = Dog Kills Month-old Infant Sleeping with Mom
accessmonthday = June 15 2007Sunherald.com, December 14 2004; Shoreline Park, Mississippi USA.] [cite web
url = http://starbulletin.com/2001/06/10/news/story1.html
title = Pit Bull Kills Big Isle tot, mauls mom
accessmonthday = June 15 2007"Honolulu Star-Bulletin" newspaper, June 10 2001; Honolulu, Hawaii USA.] [cite web
url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE5DC1E3BF936A25755C0A961948260
title = Pit Bull Kills California Boy
accessmonthday = June 15 2007"The New York Times" newspaper, June 15 1987; New York, NY USA.]

There have been numerous news media stories of pit bulls attacking animal control officers (fig. 2). [cite web
url = http://articles.latimes.com/2008/may/08/local/me-rocky8
title = Animal control officer hurt in pit bull attack
accessmonthday = August 29 2008"Los Angeles Times", May 8, 2008] [cite web
url = http://cbs13.com/local/pit.bull.attack.2.761904.html
title = Pit Bull Attacks Stockton Animal Control Officers
accessmonthday = August 29 2008CBS-TV 13, Sacamento, California USA, July 2, 2008] [cite web
url = http://www.thedailytimes.com/article/20080221/NEWS/632955479
title = Maryville animal control officer injured in pit bull attack
accessmonthday = August 29 2008"The Daily Times", Tennessee USA; February 21. 2008] [cite web
url = http://archive.southcoasttoday.com/daily/09-01/09-25-01/a01lo003.htm
title = Pit bull killed after attacking animal control officer
accessmonthday = August 29 2008"South Coast Today", Massachusetts September 25, 2001]

American actor Peter Strauss was attacked and bitten on his calf by a neighbor's pit bull mix as he worked in his orchard on his farm in Ojai, California on Sunday, March 23, 2008. The injury required multiple stitches. The dog was later euthanized by authorities with the owner's consent. [cite web
url = http://ojaivalleynews.blogspot.com/2008/03/peter-strauss-injured-in-pit-bull.html
title = Peter Strauss Injured In Pit Bull Attack
accessmonthday = May 5 2008"]

It is very common for dog attacks involving other breeds to be mistakenly labeled as 'Pit Bull attacks'. Often, the attacking dog is not a Pit Bull, but is mistakenly reported as such.Fact|date=February 2008

Negative perceptions about Pit Bulls are prevalent enough to be spoofed, as in "The Onion"'s mock caption "Heroic Pit Bull Journeys 2,000 Miles to Attack Owner" (17 April 2002) [ [http://www.theonion.com/content/node/34454 http://www.theonion.com/content/node/34454] ] and "Department Of Homeland Security Deputizes Real Mean Dog", a Rottweiler-Pit Bull-Doberman mix introduced to the press corps approvingly by Tom Ridge (May 21 2003). [ [http://www.theonion.com/content/node/28474 http://www.theonion.com/content/node/28474] ]

Famous owners

* American president Theodore Roosevelt [http://www.cesarmillaninc.com/features/factspitbulls.php Cesar Millan - Features ] ]
*Helen Keller [ [http://www.trupitbull.com/FamousPeople.html All About Pit Bulls ] ]
*Mark Twain [ [http://www.pitbull411.com/history.html Pit Bull Breed History - Pitbull ] ]
*Thomas Edison
*Monica has a pitbull that has made many public appearances with her, including in the video for Everytime tha Beat Drop.
* Jessica Alba. [ [http://popsugar.com/213575 http://popsugar.com/213575] ]
* Michael J. Fox. [ [http://books.google.com/books?id=uLDWfyybLgoC&pg=RA1-PA104&lpg=RA1-PA104&dq=burnaby+%22pit+bull%22+-elliot+-howard+%22michael+j+fox%22&source=web&ots=cxPaRNRfyx&sig=2WR-rYDUOqvfIWteqqr_ZIswGd8#PRA1-PA106,M1 Michael J. Fox owns a Pit Bull named Burnaby] ]
* Alicia Silverstone. [ [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4155/is_20061001/ai_n16761085 http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4155/is_20061001/ai_n16761085] ]
* Jessica Biel owns three Pit Bulls. [cite book
author =
coauthors =
date = June 18 2007
title = Jessica Biel Adopts—Again
publisher = "Star"
location = U.S. magazine
id =Page 27: "The 25-year-old brunette cutie just adopted her "third" Pit Bull."] [ [http://thepuparazzi.blogspot.com/ The Puparazzi ] ]
* Adam Brody and Rachel Bilson have a Pit Bull named "Penny Lane." [ [http://www.people.com/people/rachel_bilson/biography http://www.people.com/people/rachel_bilson/biography] ]
* Cesar Millan, otherwise known as The Dog Whisperer owns several Pit Bulls and uses them as model dogs with which to aid in rehabilitating misbehaved dogs in some circumstances. His most famous and commonly used Pitbull, Daddy, onced belonged to rapper Redman
* Big Boi from hip-hop duo Outkast is a registered Pit Bull breeder. [ [http://www.ireland.com/theticket/articles/2007/0413/1176157030420.html http://www.ireland.com/theticket/articles/2007/0413/1176157030420.html] ]
* Radio host Ira Glass has a Pit Bull. [ [http://www.advocate.com/print_article_ektid44218.asp http://www.advocate.com/print_article_ektid44218.asp] ]
* West Coast Choppers owner Jesse G. James owns a Pit Bull after whom he named his restaurant. [ [http://tv.yahoo.com/jesse-james/contributor/1253333 http://tv.yahoo.com/jesse-james/contributor/1253333] ]
* TV cook Rachael Ray has one Pit Bull. Her Pit Bull's name is Isaboo and has appeared in cooking episodes and on her talk show. Rachel had another Pit Bull named Boo before she became famous. [ [http://www.rachaelraymag.com/content/18770/ http://www.rachaelraymag.com/content/18770/] ]
* Comedian Jon Stewart has two Pit Bulls, named Monkey and Shamsky. [ [http://sss.jonstewart.net/three/ambles/amble6.html http://sss.jonstewart.net/three/ambles/amble6.html] ] [ [http://www.jonstewart.net/bio/index.html http://www.jonstewart.net/bio/index.html] ]
* Author Andrew Vachss, a vocal opponent of Pit Bull fighting [ [http://www.vachss.com/dogs/dog_stories/dead_game.html "Dead Game,"] from "Born Bad," (collection of shorter works) by Andrew Vachss. Vintage, 1994.] and breed-specific bans, has a Pit Bull named Honey. [ [http://www.vachss.com/dogs/av_dogs/honey.html Dogs of The Zero - Honey & Pokey : The Zero 5.0laf - The Official Website of Andrew Vachss ] ]
*Actor James Madio owns pitbulls, and is a strong advocate for the breed.
*Actor Humphrey Bogart
* American president Woodrow Wilson
*Actress Mary Tyler Moore [ [http://www.pitbullregistry.com/PitBull%20History.htm American Pit Bull Registry is everything Pit Bull - Pit Bull history and heritage ] ]
*Professional football player Michael Vick sparked controversy with his infamous dog fighting scandal.

In the news

* "Dakota" is a Pit Bull who, during her career, was one of the most active search and rescue dogs in the country and was called to work some very high profile search efforts such as the search for Laci Peterson and the search effort to find the remains of the astronauts who lost their lives in explosion of the Space Shuttle Columbia. [http://www.forpitssake.org]
* "Neville" is a Pit Bull originally from Ontario. When the provincial pit bull ban went into effect he was rescued to Washington state, where he is now a police dog. [http://www.dogster.com/pet_page.php?i=130060&j=t]

In the arts

*Jonathan Davis from Korn appears walking a Pit Bull in the videoclip "Got the Life".
* "Daddy" is a "pack member" of Cesar Millan's Dog Psychology Center. Hip hop artist Redman, Daddy’s original owner, gave the four-month-old puppy to Cesar. [ [http://www.cesarmillaninc.com/packprofiles/dpc_daddy.php http://www.cesarmillaninc.com/packprofiles/dpc_daddy.php] ]
* "Pete the Pup" ("Petey") from "The Little Rascals" series of films
* The grindcore band Caninus features pit bulls as "vocalists"
* Jennifer Lopez has a pit bull in her "I'm Glad" Video
* Veronica Mars, the title character in the CW television show, has a pit bull named "Backup."
* On the cover of Weird Al Yankovic's "Straight Out of Lynwood" is a pit bull which he borrowed from a nearby couple.
* Rapper Snoop Dogg featured a pit bull puppy in the music video for his single "Drop It Like It's Hot."
* Rapper Armando Christian Perez is known by his stage name "pitbull".
* Boys Like Girls have a three-legged pit bull in their "Great Escape" video.

ee also

*
* Dangerous Dogs Act 1991
* List of dog fighting breeds
*

References

Further reading

*cite book | first=Delise| last=Karen| coauthors= | title=Fatal Dog Attacks: The Stories Behind the Statistics | publisher=Anubis Pub | location= | year=2002| editor= | id=ISBN 0-9721914-0-2
*cite book | first=Capp| last=Dawn| coauthors= | title=Underdogs: dogs under fire: The Truth About Pit Bulls | publisher=Doral Publishing | location=| year=2004| editor= | id=ISBN 0-9745407-1-4
*

External links

Government sites

* [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5226a1.htm Nonfatal Dog Bite Related Injuries] - U.S. Government

Documentaries

* [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0102320/ A Little Vicious] - Immy Humes's American tragicomedy about a pitbull on death row