Napa Valley AVA

Napa Valley AVA (wine region)
Napa Valley is most famous for its wine.
Type	American Viticultural Area
Year established	1981[1]
Country	United States
Part of	North Coast AVA
Sub-regions	Los Carneros AVA, Howell Mountain AVA, Wild Horse Valley AVA, Stags Leap District AVA, Mt. Veeder AVA, Atlas Peak AVA, Spring Mountain District AVA, Oakville AVA, Rutherford AVA, St. Helena AVA, Chiles Valley AVA, Yountville AVA, Diamond Mountain District AVA, Oak Knoll District of Napa Valley AVA, Calistoga AVA [2]
Size of planted vineyards	43,000 acres (174 km2)[3]
Varietals produced	Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Cabernet Franc, Pinot Noir, Zinfandel, Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, and more
No. of wineries	Over 300
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Napa Valley AVA is an American Viticultural Area located in Napa County, California, United States. Napa Valley is considered one of the top wine regions in the United States.^[4] Records of commercial wine production in the region date back to the nineteenth century,^[5] but premium wine production dates back only as far as the 1960s.^[4]

The combination of Mediterranean climate, geography and geology of the region are conducive to growing quality wine grapes. John Patchett established the Napa Valley's first commercial vineyard in 1858.^[6] In 1861 Charles Krug established another of Napa Valley's first commercial wineries in St. Helena.^[6] Viticulture in Napa suffered several setbacks in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including an outbreak of the vine disease phylloxera, the legal institution of Prohibition, and the Great Depression. The wine industry in Napa Valley recovered, and helped by the results of the Paris Wine Tasting of 1976, came to be seen as capable of producing the best quality wine - equal to that of Old World wine regions.

Almost 4.5 million people visit Napa Valley each year, making it a very popular tourist destination in California, and "The World's Best Wine and Food Destination" as awarded by TripAdvisor's 2010 Travelers' Choice Awards.

Geography

The combination of Mediterranean climate, geography and geology of the valley are conducive to growing quality wine grapes. The valley floor is flanked by the Mayacamas Mountain Range on the western and northern sides the Vaca Mountains on the eastern side. Several smaller valleys also exist within these two ranges. The floor of the main valley gradually rises from sea level at the southern end to 362 feet (110 m) above sea level at the northern end in Calistoga at the foot of Mount Saint Helena. The Oakville and Rutherford American Viticultural Areas (AVAs) lie within a geographical area known as the Rutherford Bench in the center of the valley floor. The soil in the southern end of the valley consists mainly of sediments deposited by earlier advances and retreats of San Pablo Bay while the soil at the northern end of the valley contains a large volume of volcanic lava and ash. Several of the small hills that emerge from the middle of the valley floor near Yountville are indicators of the region's volcanic past.

Panoramic view of vineyards

Climate

Several microclimates exist within the area due to various weather and geographical influences. The open southern end of the valley floor is cooler during the growing season due to the proximity of San Pablo Bay while the sheltered, closed northern end is often much warmer. The eastern side of the valley tends to be more arid because winter storms tend to drop much more precipitation on the western mountains and hills.

History

fruity grapes in one of the vineyards of Napa Valley

Early years

Early pioneer and settler George C. Yount is generally credited to have been the first to grow grapes in the Napa Valley.^[6] In 1864, on the marriage of one of his granddaughters to Thomas Rutherford, Yount gave the couple around 1,000 acres (4 km²) of land, which Rutherford dedicated to winemaking.^[7]

Commercial production started in 1858, with John Patchett selling wine for $2 per gallon.^[6] His wine cellar, built in 1859, narrowly predates that established in 1861 in St. Helena by Charles Krug, although this is commonly cited as the Napa Valley's first winery.^[8]

Captain Gustave Niebaum established Inglenook Winery in 1879 near the village of Rutherford.^[9] This was the first Bordeaux style winery in the USA. Inglenook wines won gold medals at the 1889 World's Fair in Paris.

In 1868 H. W. Crabb bought land near Oakville close to the Napa River. Crabb established a vineyard and winery named To Kalon, and by 1877 had planted 130 acres (0.5 km²) and was producing 50,000 US gallons of wine per year. Crabb experimented with over 400 grape varieties in a quest to find the types best suited for the area.

By the end of the nineteenth century there were more than one hundred and forty wineries in the area. Of those original wineries, several still exist in the valley today including Beaulieu, Beringer, Charles Krug, Chateau Montelena, Far Niente, Mayacamas, Markham Vineyards, and Schramsberg Vineyards.

Phylloxera, Prohibition and The Great Depression

Viticulture in Napa suffered several setbacks in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Phylloxera root louse killed many of the vines throughout the valley. Prohibition was enacted across the country in 1920 and many wineries were shut down. A few remained open with agreements to produce sacramental wine. Growers who elected to keep their vines planted sold their crops to home winemakers.^[10] The Great Depression slowed the wine business further. These events stalled the growth of the wine industry in Napa County, California for years.

Modern era

André Tchelistcheff is generally credited with ushering in the modern era of winemaking in California. Beaulieu hired Tchelisticheff in 1938. He introduced several new techniques and procedures to the region, such as aging wine in small French Oak barrels, cold fermentation, vineyard frost prevention, and malolactic fermentation.

Opus One vineyard in Napa Valley

Following Prohibition, Beringer Vineyards invited attendees of the Golden Gate International Exposition to visit the winery using promotional maps printed with the phrase "All roads lead to Beringer" in 1939. The winery also invited Hollywood stars including Clark Gable, Charles Laughton and Carole Lombard to visit. These early promotions are considered to be the birth of wine-based tourism that is now a large part of the economy of Napa Valley today.^[11]

Brother Timothy of Christian Brothers winery was also instrumental in establishing the modern wine industry in Napa. After an earlier career as a teacher, he transferred to the order's Mont La Salle located on Mount Veeder in the Mayacamas Mountains northwest of Napa in 1935 to become the wine chemist for the order's expanding wine operations. Christian Brothers had grown grapes and made sacramental wine in Benicia, California during Prohibition, but decided to branch out into commercial production of wine and brandy after the repeal of Prohibition. The science teacher was a fast learner and soon established Christian Brothers as one of the leading brands in the state's budding wine industry. Brother Timothy's smiling face in advertisements and promotional materials became one of the most familiar images for wine consumers across the country. Following the Second World War, the wine industry in Napa began to thrive again.

Opus One Vineyard

In 1965, Napa Valley icon Robert Mondavi broke away from his family's Charles Krug estate to found his own winemaking operation in Oakville. It was the first new large scale winery to be established in the valley since before prohibition and included the original To Kalon land. Following the establishment of the Mondavi estate, the number of wineries in the valley grew rapidly, as did the region's reputation.

Napa Valley as a top wine region

Mature Napa vines

In 1976, the region got a boost from the Paris Wine Tasting of 1976, which featured a Napa Valley Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon besting several famous French labels in a blind tasting format. The results of this tasting cemented the region's reputation of its ability to produce world class wines.

A modern outbreak of phylloxera was discovered in the valley in 1983 in a vineyard planted with AxR1 rootstock. Many growers seized upon this outbreak and used it as an opportunity to switch to varieties that were better suited to the climate and soil. By the late 1990s nearly 75% of the affected vineyards had been replanted with phylloxera resistant rootstock. The growers in the region are currently channeling their energy to battle the Glassy-winged sharpshooter, a non-native pest that carries Pierce's disease.

Today Napa Valley features more than 450 wineries that grow many grape varieties including Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Merlot, Zinfandel, and other popular varietals. While winemakers may produce wines from specific AVAs within the valley, many wines are made as a blend from grapes grown on the valley floor and the surrounding hillsides.

Wine tourism

Almost 4.5 million people visit Napa Valley each year, making it a very popular tourist destination in California, and "The World's Best Wine and Food Destination" as awarded by TripAdvisor's 2010 Travelers' Choice Awards.^[12] The Napa Valley is also internationally recognized as one of only nine Great Wine Capitals on earth^{[citation needed]}.

American Viticultural Areas (AVAs) of Napa Valley

A vineyard in Napa Valley.

Within the Napa Valley AVA, there are fifteen smaller AVAs:^[1][2]

Area	Date created
Los Carneros AVA	1983-08-18
Howell Mountain AVA	1983-12-30
Wild Horse Valley AVA	1988-11-30
Stags Leap District AVA	1989-01-27
Mt. Veeder AVA	1990-02-20
Atlas Peak AVA	1992-01-22
Spring Mountain District AVA	1993-05-13
Oakville AVA	1993-07-02
Rutherford AVA	1993-07-02
St. Helena AVA	1995-09-11
Chiles Valley AVA	1999-02-17
Yountville AVA	1999-03-19
Diamond Mountain District AVA	2001-06-01
Oak Knoll District of Napa Valley AVA	2004-02-25
Calistoga AVA	2009-12-08

See also

• California wine
• Coast Ranges (California)
• Geography of California
• The Napa Valley Destination Council
• Napa Valley Wine Train
• Sonoma County wine
• Napa County wine

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Code of Federal Regulations. "§ 9.23 Napa Valley." Title 27: Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms; Part 9 — American Viticultural Areas; Subpart C — Approved American Viticultural Areas. Retrieved Oct. 29, 2007.
2. ^ ^{a b} "Napa Valley Appellations and Wine Grape Growing Regions". Napa Valley Vintners. http://www.napavintners.com/about/napa_valley_appellations.aspx. Retrieved 2010-01-02. 
3. ^ Appellation America (2007). "Oakville (AVA): Appellation Description". Retrieved Oct. 29, 2007.
4. ^ ^{a b} Robinson, Jancis (2008-09-06). "California - Tasting Notes & Wine Reviews from Jancis Robinson:". jancisrobinson.com. http://www.jancisrobinson.com/articles/a200808082.html. Retrieved 2011-01-02. 
5. ^ A Memorial and Biographical History of Northern California. Chicago: Lewis Publishing Co.. 1891. http://www.calarchives4u.com/history/history-napa.htm. Retrieved 2011-01-02. 
6. ^ ^{a b c d} Brennan, Nancy (2010-11-21). "John Patchett: Introducing one of Napa’s pioneers". Napa Valley Register. http://napavalleyregister.com/lifestyles/real-napa/article_b2750390-f509-11df-9ea4-001cc4c03286.html. Retrieved 2011-01-02. 
7. ^ "Rutherford". SanFranciscoWineTours.com. http://www.sanfranciscowinetours.com/rutherford.htm. Retrieved 2011-01-02. "In 1846, one of Yount’s granddaughters married Thomas Rutherford and Yount gave the newlyweds the very generous gift of about 1,000 acres at the northern edge of Rancho Caymus. Following Yount’s lead, Rutherford planted grapes and began investing in winemaking in Napa. By the 1880s, the Rutherford area was well established as one of Napa Valley’s premium wine districts." 
8. ^ "About the Winery - Charles Krug - Napa Valley Winery". Charles Krug. http://www.charleskrug.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/winery.main/. Retrieved 2011-01-02. "The Charles Krug Winery, first in the Napa Valley and established in 1861, is owned and operated by the Peter Mondavi Family." 
9. ^ A Memorial and Biographical History of Northern California. Chicago: Lewis Publishing Co.. 1891. http://www.calarchives4u.com/biographies/i/inglenook.txt. Retrieved 2011-01-02. 
10. ^ Burnham, Kelsey (2010-04-18). "Prohibition in Wine Country". Napa Valley Register. http://www.napavalleyregister.com/lifestyles/real-napa/article_ed8bdf22-4a81-11df-bb7d-001cc4c002e0.html. Retrieved 2010-04-18. 
11. ^ Courtney, Kevin (May 26, 2005). New park named for 'father of wine tourism'. Napa, CA: Lee Enterprises. http://napavalleyregister.com/news/new-park-named-for-father-of-wine-tourism/article_d7f0279c-d5b0-5fc4-8ded-a3458b8851b4.html. Retrieved August 8, 2011. 
12. ^ "The Napa Valley Honored as the World’s Top Food & Wine Destination in TripAdvisor’s 2010 Travelers’ Choice Destination Awards". http://www.legendarynapavalley.com/docs/05_11%20TripAdvisor%20Award.pdf. Retrieved 24 June 2011. 

External links

• Napa Valley Vintners Association
• The Napa Valley Destination Council
• Rutherford Dust Society Historical Information
• Napa Valley Wine Co. the story and historical documents re. Charles Krug, Jacob Beringer/Beringer Bros., and Cesare/Robert Mondavi (in German)