Greek American

Infobox Ethnic group
group = Greek Americans


Billy Zane • Pete Sampras • Spiro Agnew
Alexander Payne • George Stephanopoulos• Nicholas Negroponte
flagicon|Greeceflagicon|USA
poptime = 1,380,258cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-reg=ACS_2006_EST_G00_S0201:536;ACS_2006_EST_G00_S0201PR:536;ACS_2006_EST_G00_S0201T:536;ACS_2006_EST_G00_S0201TPR:536&-qr_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-ds_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_&-TABLE_NAMEX=&-ci_type=A&-redoLog=true&-geo_id=01000US&-geo_id=NBSP&-format=&-_lang=en|coauthors=United States Census Bureau|title=US demographic census|accessdate=2008-06-03]
0.5% of the U.S population.
popplace = Northeast, West, South
langs = American English, Greek
rels = Greek Orthodox ChristianityA Greek American ( _el. Ελληνοαμερικανοί, "Ellinoamerikani") is a citizen of the United States, who is of Greek heritage or origin. According to the 2000 U.S. Census Report, there were 1,153,295 people of Greek heritage living in the United States that year and 365,435 Americans spoke Greek at home. [ [http://www.euroamericans.net/euroamericans.net Euroamericans] ] According to the State Department in 2005, an estimated 3,000,000 residents in the United States claim Greek descent. [ [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3395.htm US Department of State] ] Greek Americans have a heavy concentration in Chicago, Detroit, Boston, Baltimore, Cleveland, Houston and New York City. Tarpon Springs, Florida is also home to a large Greek American community. The United States is home to the largest overseas Greek community, ahead of Cyprus and the United Kingdom, which despite having a Greek population of less than 1 million has a larger percentage of Greeks per head than the U.S.

History

The first Greek known to have arrived on U.S. soil was a man named Don Theodoro, who landed on Florida with the Narváez expedition in 1528 [ [http://www.library.txstate.edu/swwc/cdv/book/25.html Cabeza de Vaca's La Relacion ] ] [ [http://www.library.txstate.edu/swwc/cdv/book/29.html Cabeza de Vaca's La Relacion ] ] . He died during the expedition, as did most of his companions.

In 1592, Greek captain Juan de Fuca (Ioannis Fokas or Apostolos Valerianos) sailed up the Pacific coast in search of the fabled Northern Passage between the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean. He reported discovering a body of water that was later identified as the strait that today bears his name. The Strait of Juan de Fuca forms part of the International Boundary between the United States and Canada.

In 1768, about 500 Greeks from Smyrna, Crete and Mani settled in New Smyrna, Florida. The colony was unsuccessful, and the settlers moved to St. Augustine, Florida in 1776, where their traces were lost to history [http://www.floridahistory.org/floridians/british.htm] [waybackdate|site=http://web.classics.ufl.edu/CGS/florida_hellenism.htm|date=20050418154250] .

The first significant Greek community to develop was in New Orleans, Louisiana during the 1850s. By 1866, the community was numerous and prosperous enough to have a Greek consulate and the first Greek Orthodox Church in the United States [ [http://www.greekfestnola.com/churchhistory.html Church History ] ] . During that period, most Greek immigrants to the New World came from Asia Minor, and those Aegean Islands still under Ottoman rule. By 1890, there were almost 15,000 Greeks living in the U.S.

Immigration picked up in the 1890s, mostly because economic opportunity in the U.S., displacement caused by the hardships of Ottoman rule, the Balkan Wars and World War I. 450,000 Greeks arrived to the States between 1890 and 1917, most working in the cities of the Northeast and smaller numbers hired labor for the railroads and mines of the Western United States; another 70,000 arrived between 1918 and 1924.

Greek immigration at this time was over 90% male, contrasted with most other European immigration to the US like Italian and Irish immigration which averaged 50% to 60% male. Many Greek immigrants expected to work and return to their homeland after earning capital and dowries for their families. Two factors changed attitudes and facilitated permanent immigration: 1) Loss of homeland: In 1913 at the conclusion of the Balkan Wars, the home towns of 60,000 Greeks in America were converted to Bulgarian territory, and, in 1923, the homes of approximately 250,000 Greeks in America were converted from Ottoman to Turkish territory and, in both cases, these Greeks were de jure denaturalized from those homelands and lost the right to return and their families were made refugees. 2) The first widely implemented U.S. immigration limits against Europeans were made in 1923, creating an impetus for immigrants to apply for citizenship, bring their families and permanently settle in the U.S. Less than 30,000 arrived between 1925 and 1945, many of whom were "picture brides" for single Greek men [waybackdate|site=http://www.mpa.gr/specials/us_hellenes/micra_asia.html|date=20060311080459] [ [http://www.pahh.com/frangos/brides.html "The Picture Bride Era" by Steve Frangos] ] .

The events of the early 1920s also provided the stimulus for the first permanent national Greek American religious and civic organizations. Greeks again began to arrive in large numbers after 1945, fleeing the economic devastation caused by World War II and the Greek Civil War. From 1946 until 1982, approximately 211,000 Greeks emigrated to the United States. These later immigrants were less influenced by the powerful assimilation pressures of the 1920s and 1930s and revitalized Greek American identity, especially in areas such as Greek language media.

After the 1981 admission of Greece to the European Union, numbers fell to an average of less than 2,000 annually. In recent years, Greek immigration to the United States has been minimal; in fact, net migration has been towards Greece. Over 72,000 U.S. citizens currently live in Greece (1999); most of them are Greek Americans.

The predominant religion among Greeks and Greek Americans is Eastern Orthodox Christianity. There are also a number of Americans who descend from Greece's smaller Sephardic and Romaniote Jewish communities.

Greek settlements in the US

US communities with high percentages of people of Greek ancestry

The top US communities with the highest percentage of people claiming Greek ancestry are: [cite web |url=http://www.epodunk.com/ancestry/Greek.html |title=Ancestry Map of Greek Communities |publisher=Epodunk.com |accessdate=2008-08-12]
# Tarpon Springs, Florida 10.40%
# Campbell, Ohio 9.30%
# Lincolnwood, Illinois 7.60%
# Plandome Manor, New York 7.50%
# Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 7.20%
# Allenwood, New Jersey 6.60%
# South Barrington, Illinois 6.00%
# Palos Hills, Illinois 5.40%
# Nahant, Massachusetts 5.30%
# Holiday, Florida, Munsey Park, New York and Alpine, New Jersey 5.20%
# East Marion, New York 5.00%
# Palos Park, Illinois, Upper Brookville, New York, Grosse Pointe Shores, Michigan and Grosse Pointe Township, Michigan 4.90%
# Harbor Isle, New York 4.70%
# Lake Dalecarlia, Indiana 4.50%
# Barnum Island, New York 4.40%
# Peabody, Massachusetts 4.30%
# Livingston Manor, New York and University Gardens, New York 4.20%
# Oak Brook, Illinois 4.00%
# Dracut, Massachusetts 3.90%
# Oyster Bay Cove, New York and Harwood Heights, Illinois 3.80%
# Yorkville, Ohio, Hiller, Pennsylvania, Fort Lee, New Jersey, Long Grove, Illinois, Oakhurst, New Jersey and Ipswich, Massachusetts 3.70%
# Garden City South, New York, Plandome, New York, Broomall, Pennsylvania and Norwood Park, Chicago, Illinois (neighborhood) 3.60%
# Manhasset, New York, Palisades Park, New Jersey, Palos Township, IL, Windham, New York, Norridge, Illinois, Monte Sereno, California and Flower Hill, New York 3.50%
# Morton Grove, Illinois, Wellington, Utah and Terryville, New York 3.40%
# Plandome Heights, New York, Watertown, Massachusetts, Banks Township, PA (Carbon County, PA) and Harmony, Pennsylvania (Beaver County, PA) 3.30%
# Niles Township, Illinois and Niles, Illinois 3.20%
# Groveland, Massachusetts 3.10%
# Albertson, New York, Stanhope, New Jersey, Caroline, New York, Graeagle, California, Marple Township, Pennsylvania and Lynnfield, Massachusetts 3.00%
# Manhasset Hills, New York, West Falmouth, Massachusetts, Winfield, Indiana, Foster Township, Pennsylvania and Worth Township, Indiana (Boone County, IN) 2.90%
# Mahanoy Township, Pennsylvania, Glenview, Illinois, Verona, Pennsylvania, Orland Park, Illinois, Sands Point, New York, Old Brookville, New York, River Edge, New Jersey, Arlington, Massachusetts, Lynn, Massachusetts, Bethpage, New York, Danvers, Massachusetts and Kline Township, Pennsylvania 2.80%
# Price, Utah, Mount Carmel, Tennessee, Grosse Pointe Woods, Michigan, Northvale, New Jersey, Topsfield, Massachusetts, Fox River Grove, Illinois, Haworth, New Jersey, Merrimac, Massachusetts, Belmont, Massachusetts, Dormont, Pennsylvania, McAdoo, Pennsylvania and Rosedale, Maryland 2.70%
# Ogden Dunes, Indiana, Park Ridge, Illinois, Weirton, West Virginia, Skokie, Illinois, Beaver Meadows, Pennsylvania borough and Bethany Beach, Delaware 2.60%
# Salem, Massachusetts, Commack, New York, Hillsborough, California, Shady Side, Maryland, Shapleigh, Maine, West Providence Township, Pennsylvania, Barrington Township, Illinois, Helper, Utah, Tresckow, Pennsylvania, Palm Harbor, Florida, Lowell, Massachusetts, Manchester, New Hampshire and Garden City, New York 2.50%
# Mount Prospect, Illinois, Perryville, Maryland, Speers, Pennsylvania, East Lake, Florida, Lake Forest, Illinois, Ross Township, Indiana (Lake County, IN), Sharon Township, Ohio (Medina County, OH), Carlisle, Massachusetts, Tyngsborough, Massachusetts, Murfreesboro, North Carolina, Westchester, Illinois, Derry, Pennsylvania and Laurel Hollow, New York 2.40%
# Dunstable, Massachusetts, Alsace Township, Pennsylvania, Head of the Harbor, New York, Lone Tree, Colorado, Maine Township, Illinois (Cook County, IL), Riverwoods, Illinois, Hazle Township, Pennsylvania, Palos Heights, Illinois, Canton, Massachusetts, Grosse Pointe Park, Michigan, Alsip, Illinois, Hewlett, New York, Howland Township, Ohio and Mattituck, New York 2.30%
# East Norwich, New York, Friendship Village, Maryland, Haverhill, Massachusetts, Vienna Township, Ohio, Hickory Hills, Illinois, Lutherville-Timonium, Maryland, Syosset, New York, Hicksville, New York, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, East Farmingdale, New York, Newton, New Hampshire, Riverside, Illinois, Wayne Township, Ohio (Adams County, OH), Branson, Missouri, Miramar Beach, Florida, North Riverside, Illinois, Crown Point, Indiana, Swampscott, Massachusetts and Riverside Township, Illinos (Cook County, IL)
# Bruce Township, Michigan (Macomb County, MI), Dedham, Massachusetts, Merrillville, Indiana, Clarendon Hills, Illinois, Olio Township, Illinos, Orland Township, Illinois, Plainview, New York, Roslyn Estates, New York, Warren, Ohio, Millbrae, California, Beaver Township, Pennsylvania (Columbia County, PA), Bellerose, New York, Emerson, New Jersey, Grosse Pointe, Michigan, Herricks, New York, North Bellmore, New York, Petersham, Massachusetts, Queens, New York, Ridgefield, New Jersey, Woodway, Washington, Lordstown, Ohio, Seven Hills, Ohio, Summit Hill, Pennsylvania, Columbia, Connecticut, East Williston, New York, Elmwood Park, Illinois, Fairlawn, Ohio, Pomona, New York, Blauvelt, New York, Craig, Colorado, Eatons Neck, New York, Elk Grove Township, Illinois, Spring House, Pennsylvania and Watchung, New Jersey 2.10%
# Acton, California, Buckner, Kentucky, Chelmsford, Massachusetts, Economy, Pennsylvania, Kingsville, Maryland, Orland Hills, Illinois, Westwood, Massachusetts, Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, Des Plaines, Illinois, Crestview Hills, Kentucky, Cliffside Park, New Jersey, Ely, Nevada, Kaaawa, Hawaii, Kingston, New Hampshire, Longmeadow, Massachusetts and Saco, Maine

U.S. communities with highest percentage of those born in Greece

Top 101 U.S. communities with the most residents born in Greece are: [cite web |url=http://www.city-data.com/top2/h53.html |title=Top 101 cities with the most residents born in Greece (population 500+) |publisher=city-data.com |accessdate=2008-08-12]

# [http://www.city-data.com/city/Horse-Heaven-Washington.html|Horse Heaven, WA] (Horse Heaven Hills AVA: Horse Heaven Hills) 3.8%
# Tarpon Springs, FL 3.2%
# Palos Hills, IL 3.1%
# Harbor Isle, NY 3.1%
# Campbell, OH 3.1%
# Lincolnwood, IL 2.7%
# Englewood Cliffs, NJ 2.5%
# Bedford Park, IL 2.3%
# Twin Lakes, FL 2.3%
# Holiday, FL 2.1%
# Great Neck Gardens, NY 2.1%
# Norridge, IL 2.0%
# Palos Park, IL 1.9%
# Barnum Island, NY 1.9%
# Munsey Park, NY 1.8%
# Foxfield, CO 1.7%
# Cedar Glen West, NJ 1.7%
# Raynham Center, MA 1.6%
# Broomall, PA 1.6%
# Flower Hill, NY 1.6%
# Alpine, NJ 1.6%
# Millbourne, PA 1.6%
# Niles, IL 1.6%
# Grosse Pointe Shores, MI 1.6%
# East Marion, NY 1.6%
# West Falmouth, MA 1.6%
# Golden Triangle, NJ 1.5%
# Palisades Park, NJ 1.5%
# Garden City South, NY 1.5%
# Harwood Heights, IL 1.5%
# Watertown, MA 1.5%
# Morton Grove, IL 1.5%
# East Ithaca, NY 1.4%
# Fort Lee, NJ 1.4%
# Saddle Rock, NY 1.4%
# Oakhurst, NJ 1.4%
# Plandome Manor, NY 1.3%
# White Lake, NC 1.3%
# Old Brookville, NY 1.2%
# Plandome Heights, NY 1.2%
# South Barrington, IL 1.2%
# North Lakeville, MA 1.2%
# Terryville, NY 1.2%
# Jefferson, WV 1.2%
# Ridgefield, NJ 1.2%
# East Norwich, NY 1.2%
# Skokie, IL 1.1%
# Arlington Heights, PA 1.1%
# Pomona, NY 1.1%
# Spring House, PA 1.1%
# Hickory Hills, IL 1.1%
# Cliffside Park, NJ 1.1%
# Friendship Village, MD 1.1%
# Kingsville, MD 1.1%
# Arlington, MA 1.1%
# Mount Prospect, IL 1.1%
# Midland Park, NJ 1.0%
# Lake Dalecarlia, IN 1.0%
# Pinedale, WY 1.0%
# Glenview, IL 1.0%
# Dunn Loring, VA 1.0%
# West Kennebunk, ME 1.0%
# Shokan, NY 1.0%
# Beacon Square, FL 1.0%
# Peabody, MA 1.0%
# Dedham, MA 1.0%
# North Key Largo, FL 1.0%
# Hillside, NY 1.0%
# Orland Park, IL 1.0%
# Eddystone, PA 1.0%
# South Hempstead, NY 1.0%
# Redington Beach, FL 1.0%
# Hillsmere Shores, MD 1.0%
# Upper Brookville, NY 0.9%
# Kensington, CT 0.9%
# Rochelle Park, NJ 0.9%
# Winfield, IN 0.9%
# Yatesville, PA 0.9%
# Hooksett, NH 0.9%
# Dormont, PA 0.9%
# Belmont, MA 0.9%
# Queens, NY 0.9%
# Lely Resort, FL 0.9%
# Millbrae, CA 0.9%
# Shiloh, PA 0.9%
# Kingston, NJ 0.9%
# Norwalk, CT 0.9%
# Elmwood Park, IL 0.9%
# Presidential Lakes Estates, NJ 0.9%
# Garden City, NY 0.9%
# Plandome, NY 0.9%
# Manhasset, NY 0.9%
# Allenwood, NJ 0.9%
# Port Jefferson Station, NY 0.9%
# Braddock Hills, PA 0.8%
# Dover, NJ 0.8%
# Northvale, NJ 0.8%
# Harrisville, RI 0.8%
# Bethpage, NY 0.8%
# [http://www.city-data.com/city/Mantua-West-Greene-Alabama.html Mantua-West Greene, AL] (Greene County, AL) 0.8%

Popular culture

*Greek American novelist Jeffrey Eugenides won the 2003 Pulitzer Prize for his novel Middlesex, about a Greek American family in Detroit.
*The 1970s television-series [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0065274 Arni] depicted aspects of Greek American life.
*In 1967, Academy Award-winning film-director Elia Kazan published a novel, , about a conflicted Greek American living a double life as an advertising executive and muckraking journalist. Kazan, who died in September 2003, was a Greek American.
*The popular 1970s show "Kojak", featured Telly Savalas as Greek American police detective Theo Kojak, and his brother George as detective Stavros. Kojak was originally supposed to be Polish (hence the name), but this was changed to match Savalas' profile.
*The 2002 comedy film "My Big Fat Greek Wedding" portrayed the love story of a Greek American woman (portrayed by Greek Canadian Nia Vardalos) and a non-Greek American man (specifically a White Anglo-Saxon Protestant). It also examines the protagonist's troubled love/hate relationship with her cultural heritage and value system. The movie spawned an unsuccessful TV series, "My Big Fat Greek Life".
*"The Famous Teddy Z" was an acclaimed but short-lived TV series about a fictional talent agent named Teddy Zakalakis, portrayed by Jon Cryer.
*The TV series "Full House" was about a family that included Greek American Uncle Jesse, portrayed by John Stamos. Jesse's Greek dad was also recurring character.
*The Olympia Cafe was a recurring sketch in the early years of "Saturday Night Live". More recently, Tina Fey has often joked about her Greek heritage on the show.
*Tom's Restaurant, a Greek American owned business, has become one of the symbols of urban New York life.
*Elektra Natchios is a Marvel Comics superhero, portrayed by Jennifer Garner in the 2003 movie "Daredevil" and the 2005 movie "Elektra".
*In the 1973 blockbuster "The Exorcist", Jason Miller starred as Greek American Father Damien Karras, one of the priests who exorcised young Regan. In one scene, Karras’ mother, played by Greek actress Vasiliki Maliaros, is listening to a Greek radio station broadcasting the song "Ιστορία μου αμαρτία μου" ("My Story, My sin") by the late popular Greek singer Rita Sakellariou.
*Several entertainers, including Demi Moore, John Aniston, Jennifer Aniston, Tommy Lee, Paul Cavonis, Criss Angel, Elias Koteas and Billy Zane are of Greek descent.
*Writer, performer and radio-commentator David Sedaris satirizes growing up in a Greek American household in Suburban North Carolina in several of his essays.

Greek Nationality

See Greek nationality law for more details.

Any person who is ethnically Greek born outside of Greece may become a Greek citizen through naturalization, providing he/she can prove a parent or grandparent was born as a national of Greece. The Greek ancestor's birth certificate and marriage certificate are required, along with the applicant's birth certificate, and the birth certificates of all generations in between until the relation between the applicant and the person with Greek citizenship is proven.

Major Greek American organizations

[
thumb|left|300px|Distribution of Greek Americans according to the 2000 census] There are hundreds of regional, religious and professional Greek American organizations. Some of the largest and most notable include:
*The American Hellenic Educational Progressive Association is the largest community organization of Greek Americans. It was founded in Atlanta, Georgia in 1922 during a period of anti-Greek attacks by the Ku Klux Klan. Its current membership exceeds 18,000.
*The Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America is the religious organization most closely associated with the Greek American community. It was established in 1921, and is under the leadership of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. The church operates the Greek Orthodox Youth of America, the largest Orthodox Christian youth group in the United States.
*The American Hellenic Institute, a lobbying group for Greek Americans.
*The Council of Hellenes Abroad is a Greek government sponsored umbrella organization for Greek immigrant organizations worldwide.
*The [http://www.paideiaonline.org PAIDEIA organization - USA] is an organization promoting the preservation of Hellenic education and culture in the United States.
*The [http://www.nationalhsa.com National Hellenic Student Association] is a PAIDEIA sponsored University based organization promoting Hellenic culture on university campuses.
*Many "topika somatea" or clubs representing the local regional homeland of Greeks in America. Among the scores of such clubs, larger "umbrella" organizations include the Pan Macedonian Association, the Panepirotic Federation, the Pan Cretan Association, the Pan-Icarian Brotherhood, the Pan Pontian Federation of U.S.A-Canada, the Chios Societies of America & Canada, the Cyprus Federation of America, the Pan-Laconian Federation of the USA & Canada, the Pan-Messinian Federation of the USA & Canada, the Pan-Arcadian Federation of America and several associations of refugees from areas in the former Ottoman territories.

ee also

*Diaspora politics in the United States
*European American
*Grecian Echoes
*Greek Cypriots
*Greek diaspora
*Greek Festival
*Greeks
*Greeks in Omaha, Nebraska
*Hyphenated American
*List of Greek-Americans
*Greek Britons

References

External links

* [http://www.hellenism.net Famous Greek-Americans] - A comprehensive list of famous Greeks and Greek Americans.
* [http://www.kued.org/productions/greeks KUED - Tribute to Utah's Greek-Americans]