Drug discovery hit to lead

Early drug discovery involves several phases from target identification to preclinical development. The identification of small molecule modulators of protein function and the process of transforming these into high-content lead series are key activities in modern drug discovery.^[1] The Hit-to-Lead phase is usually the follow-up of high-throughput screening (HTS). It includes the following steps:

Hit confirmation

The Hit confirmation phase will be performed during several weeks as follows:

• Re-testing: compounds that were found active against the selected target are re-tested using the same assay conditions used during the HTS.
• Dose response curve generation: several compound concentrations are tested using the same assay, an IC50 or EC50 value is then generated. Methods are being developed that may allow the reuse of the compound that generated the hit in the initial HTS step. These molecules are removed from beads and transferred to a microarray for quantitative assessment of binding affinities in a "seamless" approach that could allow for the investigation of more hits and larger libraries.^[2][3]
• Orthogonal testing: Confirmed hits are assayed using a different assay which is usually closer to the target physiological condition or using a different technology.
• Secondary screening: Confirmed hits are tested in a functional assay or in a cellular environment. Membrane permeability is usually a critical parameter.
• Chemical amenability: Medicinal chemists will evaluate compounds according to their synthesis feasibility and other parameters such as up-scaling or costs
• Intellectual property evaluation: Hit compound structures are quickly checked in specialized databases to define patentability
• Biophysical testing: Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Isothermal Titration Calorimetry, dynamic light scattering, surface plasmon resonance, dual polarisation interferometry, microscale thermophoresis (MST) are commonly used to assess whether the compound binds effectively to the target, the stoïchiometry of binding, any associated conformational change and to identify promiscuous inhibitors.
• Hit ranking and clustering: Confirmed hit compounds are then ranked according to the various hit confirmation experiments.

Hit expansion

Following hit confirmation, several compound clusters will be chosen according to their characteristics in the previously defined tests. An Ideal compound cluster will:

• have compound members that exhibit a high affinity towards the target (less than 1 µM)
• Moderate molecular weight and lipophilicity (usually measured as cLogP). Affinity, molecular weight and lipophilicity can be linked in single parameter such as ligand efficiency and lipophilic efficiency to assess druglikeness
• show chemical tractability
• be free of Intellectual property
• not interfere with the P450 enzymes nor with the P-glycoproteins
• not bind to human serum albumin
• be soluble in water(above 100 µM)
• be stable
• have a good druglikeness
• exhibit cell membrane permeability
• show significant biological activity in a cellular assay
• not exhibit cytotoxicity
• not be metabolized rapidly
• show selectivity versus other related targets

The project team will usually select between three and six compound series to be further explored. The next step will allow to test analogous compounds to define Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR). Analogs can be quickly selected from an internal library or purchased from commercially available sources. Medicinal chemists will also start synthesizing related compounds using different methods such as combinatorial chemistry, high-throughput chemistry or more classical organic chemistry synthesis.

Lead optimization phase

The objective of this drug discovery phase is to synthesize lead compounds, new analogs with improved potency, reduced off-target activities, and physiochemical/metabolic properties suggestive of reasonable in vivo pharmacokinetics. This optimization is accomplished through chemical modification of the hit structure, with modifications chosen by employing structure-activity analysis (SAR) as well as structure-based design if structural information about the target is available.

See also

• High-throughput screening
• Fragment-based lead discovery (FBLD)
• High-content screening (HCS)
• Enzyme inhibitor
• Drug development
• Pre-clinical development
• Drug design
• Rational drug design
• Drug metabolism
• Cheminformatics
• Pharmaceutical company
• Molecular Conceptor

References

1. ^ Bleicher KH, et.al. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2003 May; 2(5):369-78.
2. ^ Astle, J. M.; Simpson, L. S.; Huang, Y.; Reddy, M. M.; Wilson, R.; Connell, S.; Wilson, J.; Kodadek, T. (2010). "Seamless Bead to Microarray Screening: Rapid Identification of the Highest Affinity Protein Ligands From Large Combinatorial Libraries". Chemistry & Biology 17 (1): 38–45. doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2009.12.015. PMC 2905650. PMID 20142039. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2905650.  edit
3. ^ Science Daily article on bead to microarray screening method