Way of St. James

Infobox World Heritage Site
WHS = Route of Santiago de Compostela


State Party = ESP
Type = Cultural
Criteria = ii, iv, vi
ID = 669
Region = Europe and North America
Year = 1993
Session = 17th
Link = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/669The Way of St. James or St. James' Way (Galician "O camiño de Santiago", Spanish name, "El Camino de Santiago"), is the pilgrimage to the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela in Galicia in northwestern Spain, where tradition has it that the remains of the apostle, Saint James the Great, are buried.

A major Christian pilgrimage route

The "Way of St James" has existed for over a thousand years. It was one of the most important Christian pilgrimages during medieval times. It was considered one of three pilgrimages on which a plenary indulgence could be earned;Fact|date=August 2007 the others are the Via Francigena to Rome and the pilgrimage to Jerusalem.

Legend holds that St. James's remains were carried by boat from Jerusalem to northern Spain where they were buried on the site of what is now the city of Santiago de Compostela. There are some, however, who claim that the bodily remains at Santiago belong to Priscillian, the fourth-century Galician leader of an ascetic Christian sect, Priscillianism, who was one of the first Christian heretics to be executed.

There is not a single route; the Way can take one of any number of pilgrimage routes to Santiago de Compostela. Traditionally, as with most pilgrimages, the Way of Saint James began at one's home and ended at the pilgrimage site. However a few of the routes are considered main ones. Santiago is such an important pilgrimage destination because it is considered the burial site of the apostle, James the Great. During the Middle Ages, the route was highly travelled. However, the Black Plague, the Protestant Reformation and political unrest in 16th- century Europe resulted in its decline. By the 1980s, only a few pilgrims arrived in Santiago annually. However, since then, the route has attracted a growing number of modern-day pilgrims from around the globe. The route was declared the first European Cultural Route by the Council of Europe in October 1987; it was also named one of UNESCO's World Heritage Sites in 1993.

History of St James's Way

The pilgrimage to Santiago has never ceased from the time of the discovery of St. James' remains, though there have been years of fewer pilgrims, particularly during European wars. During the war of American Independence, John Adams was ordered by Congress to go to Paris to obtain funds for the cause. His ship started leaking and he disembarked with his two sons in Finisterre in 1779, where he proceeded to follow the Way of St. James in the opposite direction, in order to get to Paris overland. He did not stop to visit Santiago, and came to regret this during the course of his journey. In his autobiography, he gives an accurate description of the customs and lodgings afforded to St. James pilgrims in the 18th century, and mentions the legend as it was then told to travellers:

Pre-Christian history of the route

The Christian origin of the pilgrimage has been well documented throughout the centuries, no historical reference has ever been cited for the pagan origins.To this day, many pilgrims continue from Santiago de Compostela to the Atlantic coast of Galicia, to finish their journeys at Spain's westernmost point Cape Finisterre ( _gl. Fisterra). Although Cape Finisterre is not the westernmost point of mainland Europe (Cabo da Roca in Portugal is further west) the fact that the Romans called it "Finisterrae" (literally the "end of the world", or "Land's End" in Latin) indicates that they viewed it as such.

Pagan symbols have been claimed to exist along the route; indeed, some younger tourists declare themselves more enamoured by the pagan legends popularly attributed to the walk, than to the Christian history. One such legend holds that walking the route was a pagan fertility ritual; this however is based on the flimsy explanation of scallop shell being a symbol of the pilgrimage.Fact|date=February 2007 An alternative interpretation is that the scallop, which resembles the setting sun, was the focus of pre-Christian Celtic rituals of the area. However such claims seem rather fanciful and unsupported. That is to say, the pre-Christian origin of the "Way of St. James" was a Celtic death journey, westwards towards the setting sun, terminating at the "End of the World" ("Finisterra") on the "Coast of Death" ("Costa da Morte") and the "Sea of Darkness" (that is, the Abyss of Death, the "Mare Tenebrosum", Latin for the Atlantic Ocean, itself named after the "Dying Civilization" of Atlantis). [ [http://www.europe.org.uk/index/-/id/289/ European Commission - Culture - Magazine - Pilgrim's Progress ] ] [http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/telegraph/04camino/04000001.htm The Camino Santiago - Article from the Telegraph Online ] ]

The Pilgrims' road seems related to prehistoric cults of Fertility arriving to Atlantic Europe from Mediterranean shoresFact|date=May 2008. Symbols of Ashtarte ,the star within a circle,or Aphrodite,Venus coming on a shell,have been found along the roads to CompostelaFact|date=May 2008 and among the ancient basques' mythology and legends,those related to Mari, the Mairu and the rising of Megaliths.Fact|date=May 2008
Joseph Campbell associated the cult of Mari to that of Ishtar and Kali and in pre-Israelites times, the rejected consort of God called "the great prostitute",Asherah.Fact|date=May 2008

The significance of the scallop symbol

The scallop shell, typically found on the shores in Galicia, has long been the symbol of the Camino de Santiago. Over the centuries the scallop shell has taken on mythical, metaphorical and practical meaning.

There are different accounts of the mythical origin of the symbol. Which account is taken depends on who is telling the story. Two versions of the most common myth are:

James the Greater, the brother of John, was killed in Jerusalem for his convictions about his brother. James had spent some time preaching on the Iberian Peninsula.
#(version 1) After James' death, his disciples shipped his body to the Iberian Peninsula to be buried in what is now Santiago. Off the coast of Spain a heavy storm hit the ship, and the body was lost to the ocean. After some time, however, the body washed ashore undamaged, covered in scallops.
#(version 2) After James' death his body was mysteriously transported by a ship with no crew back to the Iberian Peninsula to be buried in what is now Santiago. As James' ship approached land, a wedding was taking place on the shore. The young bridegroom was on horseback, and on seeing the ship approaching, his horse got spooked, and the horse and rider plunged into the sea. Through miraculous intervention, the horse and rider emerged from the water alive, covered in seashells.Fact|date=February 2007

Besides being the mythical symbol, the scallop shell also acts as a metaphor. The grooves in the shell, which come together at a single point, represent the various routes pilgrims traveled, eventually arriving at a single destination: the tomb of Saint James in Santiago de Compostela. The scallop shell is also a metaphor for the pilgrim. As the waves of the ocean wash scallop shells up on the shores of Galicia, God's hand also guided the pilgrims to Santiago.Fact|date=February 2007

The scallop shell served practical purposes for pilgrims on the Camino de Santiago as well. The shell was the right size for gathering water to drink or for eating out of as a makeshift bowl. Also, because the scallop shell is native to the shores of Galicia, the shell functioned as proof of completion. By having a scallop shell, a pilgrim could almost certainly prove that he or she had finished the pilgrimage and had actually seen the "end of the world" which at that point in history was the Western coast of Spain.Fact|date=February 2007

The reference to St. James rescuing a "knight covered in scallops" is therefore a reference to St. James healing, or resurrecting, a dying (setting sun) knight. Note also that the knight obviously would have had to be "under the waters of death" for quite some time for shellfish to have grown over him. Similarly, the notion of the "Sea of Darkness" (Atlantic Ocean) disgorging St. James' body, so that his relics are (allegedly) buried at Santiago de Compostella on the coast, is itself a metaphor for "rising up out of Death", that is, resurrection.Fact|date=February 2007The pilgrim's staff is a walking stick used by pilgrims to the shrine of Santiago de Compostela in Spain. [http://www.turismo.navarra.es/eng/propuestas/camino-santiago/desarrollo/curiosidades.htm Pilgrim's Way to Santiago curiosities Navarre tourism guide ] ] Generally, the stick has a hook on it so that something may be hung from it. The walking stick sometimes has a cross piece on it. Pilgrim's or Palmer's Staff, (fr. bourdon): this was used as a device in a coat of arms as early at least as Edward II.'s reign, as will be seen. The Staff and the Escallop shell(q.v.) were the badge of the pilgrim, and hence it is but natural it should find its way into the shields of those who had visited the Holy Land. The usual form of representation is [http://www.heraldsnet.org/saitou/parker/images/m460b.giffigure 1] , but in some the hook is wanting, and when this is the case it is scarcely distinguishable from a pastoral staff as borne by some of the monasteries: it is shown in [http://www.heraldsnet.org/saitou/parker/images/m460b.giffigure 2] . While, too, it is represented under different forms, it is blazoned as will be seen also, under different names, e.g. a pilgrim's crutch, a crutch-staff, &c., but there is no reason to suppose that the different names can be correlated with different figures. The crutch, perhaps, should be represented with the transverse piece on the top of the staff (like the letter T) instead of across it. [http://www.heraldsnet.org/saitou/parker/Jpglossj.htm heraldsnet.org] ]

The route during the Medieval period

The earliest records of visits paid to the shrine dedicated to St. James at Santiago de Compostela date from the 8th century, in the time of the Kingdom of Asturias. The pilgrimage to the shrine became the most renowned medieval pilgrimage, and it became customary for those who returned from Compostela to carry back with them a Galician scallop shell as proof of their completion of the journey. This practice was gradually extended to other pilgrimages.Fact|date=February 2007

The earliest recorded pilgrims from beyond the Pyrenees visited the shrine in the middle of the 10th century, but it seems that it was not until a century later that large numbers of pilgrims from abroad were regularly journeying there. The earliest records of pilgrims that arrived from England belong to the period between 1092 and 1105. However, by the early 12th century the pilgrimage had become a highly organized affair.

One of the great proponents of the pilgrimage in the 12th century was Calixtus II who started the Compostelan Holy Years. [http://www.caminoguides.com/history.html] The official guide in those times was the Codex Calixtinus. Published around 1140, the 5th book of the Codex is still considered the definitive source for many modern guidebooks. Four pilgrimage routes listed in the Codex originate in France and converge at Puente la Reina. From there, a well-defined route crosses northern Spain, linking Burgos, Carrión de los Condes, Sahagún, León, Astorga, and Compostela.

The daily needs of pilgrims on their way to, and from, Compostela were met by a series of hospitals and hospices. These had royal protection and were a lucrative source of revenue. A new genre of ecclesiastical architecture, Romanesque, with its massive archways, was designed to cope with huge devout crowds. There was also the now- familiar paraphernalia of tourism, such as the selling of badges and souvenirs. Since the Christian symbol for James the Greater was the scallop shell, many pilgrims would wear this as a sign to anyone on the road that they were a pilgrim. This gave them privileges to sleep in churches and ask for free meals, but also warded off thieves who did not dare attack devoted pilgrims.

The pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela was possible because of the protection and freedom provided by the Kingdom of France, where the majority of pilgrims originated. Enterprising French people (including Gascons and other peoples not under the French crown) settled in towns along the pilgrimage routes, where their names appear in the archives. The pilgrims were tended by people like Domingo de la Calzada who was later recognized as a saint himself.

Pilgrims would walk the Way of St. James, often for months, in order to arrive at the great church in the main square of Compostela to pay homage to St. James. So many pilgrims have laid their hands on the pillar just inside the doorway of the church that a groove has been worn in the stone.

Oddly, the popular Spanish name for the astronomical Milky Way is "El Camino de Santiago". The Milky Way was said to be formed from the dust raised by travelling pilgrims in a common medieval legend. ["Visions of the Milky Way", Giovanni F. Bignami, Science 26 March 2004 303: 1979] . Compostela itself means 'field of stars'.

The pilgrimage as penance

The Church employed a system of rituals to atone for temporal punishment due to sins known as penance. According to this system, pilgrimages were a suitable form of expiation for some temporal punishment, and they could be used as acts of penance for those who were guilty of certain crimes. As noted in the Catholic Encyclopedia,::cquote
::"In the registers of the Inquisition at Carcassone… we find the four following places noted as being the centres of the greater pilgrimages to be imposed as penances for the graver crimes: the tomb of the Apostles at Rome, the shrine of St. James at Compostella [sic] , St. Thomas' body at Canterbury, and the relics of the Three Kings at Cologne." [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12085a.htm "Pilgrimages"] , New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia, retrieved Dec 1, 2006]

There is still a tradition in Flanders of freeing one prisoner a year [" [http://www.flandes.net/140.html Turismo de Bélgica. Huellas españolas en Flandes] ".] under the condition that this prisoner walk to Santiago wearing a heavy backpack, accompanied by a guard.

=The modern-day pilgr

Today tens of thousandscite news
url=http://www.csj.org.uk/present.htm
publisher=Confraternity of Saint James
title=The present-day pilgrimage
date=July 26, 2006] of Christian pilgrims and other travellers set out each year from their front doorstep, or popular starting points across Europe, to make their way to Santiago de Compostela. Most travel by foot, some by bicycle, and a few travel as some of their medieval counterparts did, on horseback or by donkey (for example, the British author and humorist Tim Moore). In addition to people undertaking a religious pilgrimage, there are many travellers and hikers who walk the route for non-religious reasons: travel, sport, or simply the challenge of weeks of walking in a foreign land. Also, many consider the experience a spiritual adventure to remove themselves from the bustle of modern life. It acts as a retreat for many modern "pilgrims".

Routes to Santiago

Pilgrims on the Way of St. James walk for weeks or months to visit the city of Santiago de Compostela. They can follow many routes (any path to Santiago is a pilgrim's path) but the most popular route is the French Way or "Camino Francés"; the most common starting points are cities in Spain situated along this route. Historically, most of the pilgrims came from France, due to the Codex Calixtinus. For this reason, the Spanish consider the Pyrenees the starting point. Common starting points along the French border are Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port or Somport on the French side of the Pyrenees and Roncesvalles or Jaca on the Spanish side.

However, many pilgrims begin further afield, in one of the four French towns which are common and traditional starting points: Le Puy, Vézelay, Arles and Tours. Cluny, site of the celebrated medieval abbey, was another important rallying point for pilgrims, and, in 2002, it was integrated into the official European pilgrimage route linking Vézelay and Le Puy. Some pilgrims start from even further away, though their routes will often pass through one of the four French towns mentioned. Some Europeans begin their pilgrimage from the very doorstep of their homes just as their medieval counterparts did hundreds of years ago.

Pilgrims coming from Northern and Eastern Europe historically passed through Switzerland. Today the historic route has been restored, beginning at the Lake of Constance and ending in Geneva at the French border. The route passes by three traditional pilgrimage places, Einsiedeln, Flüeli Ranft, and the Caves of Saint Beatus. The path also passes through historic cities including St. Gallen, Lucerne, Schwyz, Interlaken, Thun, Fribourg and Lausanne.

Pilgrims' accommodation

In Spain and southern France, pilgrim's hostels dot the common routes providing overnight accommodation for recognized pilgrims, those who hold a "credencial". (See below.) In Spain this type of accommodation is called a "refugio" or an "albergue", both of which are similar to youth hostels or hostelries in the French system of "Gîtes d'étape"; beds are in dormitories, and they usually cost between three and seven Euros per night, but a few operate on voluntary donations and are known as "donativos". Pilgrims are usually limited to one night's accommodation.

These hostels may be run by the local parish, the local council, private owners, or pilgrims' associations. Occasionally these refugios are located in monasteries, such as the one in Samos, Spain, run by monks or the one in Santiago de Compostela.

The "Pilgrim's passport"

Most pilgrims have a document called the "credencial", which they have purchased for a few euros through a Spanish tourist agency or their local church, depending on their starting location. The credencial is a pass which allows (sometimes free) overnight accommodation in refugios. Also known as the "Pilgrim's passport", the credencial is stamped with the official St. James stamp of each town or refugio at which the pilgrim has stayed. It provides walking pilgrims with a record of where they ate or slept, but also serves as proof to the Pilgrim's office in Santiago that the journey is accomplished according to an official route. The credencial is available at refugios, tourist offices, some local parish houses, and outside Spain, through the national St. James organisation of that country. The stamped credencial is also necessary if the pilgrim wants to obtain a "Compostela", a certificate of completion of the pilgrimage.

Most often the stamp can be obtained in the refugio, Cathedral or local church. If the church is closed, the town hall or office of tourism can provide a stamp, as well as nearby youth hostels or private St. James addresses. Outside Spain, the stamp can be associated with somewhat of a ceremony, where the stamper and the pilgrim can share information. As the pilgrimage approaches Santiago however, the increased number of pilgrims cause many of the stamps in small towns to be self-service, while in the larger towns there are several options to obtain the necessary stamp.

The "compostela"

The "compostela" is a certificate of accomplishment given to pilgrims on completing the Way. To earn the "compostela" one needs to walk a minimum of 100 km (cyclists must cycle at least 200 km). In practice for walkers, that means starting in the small city of Sarria, for it has good transportation connections via bus and rail to other places in Spain. Pilgrims arriving in Santiago de Compostela who have walked at least the last 100 km, or cycled 200 km to get there (as indicated on their "credencial"), are eligible for this "compostela" from the Pilgrim's Office in Santiago.

In medieval Catholicism, the "compostela" counted as an act of indulgence. The pilgrim was entitled to a partial indulgence, or, if the "compostela" was obtained in a Holy Year, a plenary indulgence. The full text of the certificate is in Latin and reads:

quotation
CAPITULUM hujus Almae Apostolicae et Metropolitanae Ecclesiae Compostellanae sigilli Altaris Beati Jacobi Apostoli custos, ut omnibus Fidelibus et Perigrinis ex toto terrarum Orbe, devotionis affectu vel voti causa, ad limina Apostoli Nostri Hispaniarum Patroni ac Tutelaris SANCTI JACOBI convenientibus, authenticas visitationis litteras expediat, omnibus et singulis praesentes inspecturis, notum facit : (Latin version of name of recipient)

Hoc sacratissimum Templum pietatis causa devote visitasse. In quorum fidem praesentes litteras, sigillo ejusdem Sanctae Ecclesiae munitas, ei confero.

Datum Compostellae die (day) mensis (month) anno Dni (year)

Canonicus Deputatus pro Peregrinis

The pilgrim passport is examined carefully for stamps and dates. If a key stamp is missing, or if the pilgrim does not claim a religious purpose for their pilgrimage, the "compostela" may be refused. The Pilgrim office of Santiago awards more than 100,000 "compostelas" per year to pilgrims from over 100 countries.

Pilgrim's Mass

A Pilgrim's Mass in the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela is held each day at noon for pilgrims. Pilgrims who received the "Compostela" the day before have their countries of origin and the starting point of their pilgrimage announced at the Mass.

The modern pilgrimage in television and film

Art critic and journalist Brian Sewell made a journey to Santiago de Compostela for a television series The Naked Pilgrim for UK's Channel Five in 2003. Travelling by car along the French route, he visits many towns and cities on the way: stop offs include Paris, Chartres, Roncesvalles, Burgos, Leon and Frómista. Sewell, a lapsed Catholic, is moved by the stories of other pilgrims and by the sights he sees. The series climaxes with Sewell's emotional response to the Mass at Compostela.

The pilgrimage is central to the plot of the 1969 film The Milky Way by surrealist director Luis Buñuel. However, the film is intended to be a critique of the Catholic church, as the modern pilgrims encounter various manifestations of Catholic dogma and heresy.

The pilgrimage as tourism

The Galician government seeks to make the Way into a popular tourist destination. When there is a "Holy Compostellan Year" (whenever July 25 falls on a Sunday; the next will be 2010) the Galician government's "Xacobeo" tourism campaign is unleashed once more.

The Way's name in other languages

The Way of St. James is most often referred to by the names used in the areas it passes:
* _es. El Camino de Santiago or simply "El Camino"
* _gl. O Camiño de Santiago or "Ruta Xacobea"
* _eu. Donejakue Bidea
* _fr. O Camiño de Santiago or "le chemin de Saint Jacques"
* _pt. O Caminho de Santiago

See also

*World Heritage Sites of the Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France
* Confraternity of Saint James
* Order of Santiago
* Dominic de la Calzada
* Cross of Saint James

Further reading

Pilgrim's guides and travelogues

* Confraternity of St. James, "Pilgrim Guides To Spain 1. The Camino Francés".
* [http://pilgrimagepublications.com/EUShop/PayPal/ppbooks.html Account of a horse back journey along the St James Way ]
*"The Way of St James: Pyrenees - Santiago - Finistere". Alison Raju. Cicerone 2004 ISBN 978 1 85284 372 4
*Kathryn Harrison, "The Road to Santiago", National Geographic Directions, 2003 .
* [http://www.overlander.tv/camino Film documenting one man's spiritual journey along the Camino ]

Fiction and other literary works

* Paulo Coelho, "The Pilgrimage"
* Shirley MacLaine, "The Camino"
* James Michener, "Iberia"; contains one chapter about the Camino de Santiago
* Tim Moore, "Spanish Steps'
* Tracy Saunders, Pilgrimage to Heresy, a fictionalised account of the pilgrimage. Suggests (after Professor Henry Chadwick) that the tomb in Compostela may be the burial site of Priscillian, Bishop of Avila, executed for "heresy and witchcraft" by the Romans in 385 CE.

References

External links

General information

* [http://www.catedraldesantiago.es The official site of the Santiago de Compostela cathedral]
* [http://www.grupocompostela.org/ingles/home.php Compostela Group of Universities] - a network of Universities preserving the historical and cultural heritage of the route

Camino Confraternities

* [http://www.csj.org.uk/ Site of The Confraternity of Saint James, England]
* [http://www.americanpilgrims.com/ Site of the American Pilgrims on the Camino]
* [http://www.santiago.ca/ Site of The Canadian Company of Pilgrims]

Travel information

* [http://www.pilgrim-wiki.com Pilgrim Wiki, a pilgrim guide written by pilgrims]
* [http://www.santiago-compostela.net/ The Camino - The pilgrimage routes to Santiago de Compostela in pictures]
* [http://www.caminodesantiago.me.uk/ General information about the Camino de Santiago de Compostela]
* [http://www.pilgrimage-to-santiago.com/board/ Pilgrim community on the Camino de Santiago de Compostela]
*

Link collections

* [http://www.rencesvals.com/xacowebs.asp Xacowebs] Collection of websites related to Way of St. James
* [http://www.biblhertz.it/cgi-bin/gucha_de.pl?s1=D.02.03.06.02&t_acsys=x International Bibliography]
* [http://pilgrimriders.com/ Account of two horse back journeys along the St James Way and the via Francigena]