United States military nuclear incident terminology

The United States Armed Forces uses a number of terms to define the magnitude and extent of nuclear incidents.

Origin

United States Department of Defense directive 5230.16, Nuclear Accident and Incident Public Affairs (PA) Guidance,^[1] Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Manual 3150.03B Joint Reporting Structure Event and Incident Reporting, and the United States Air Force Operation Reporting System, as set out in Air Force Instruction 10-206^[2] detail a number of terms for internally and externally (including press releases) reporting nuclear incidents. They are used by the United States of America, and are neither NATO nor global standards.

Terminology

Pinnacle

Pinnacle is a Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff OPREP-3 (Operational Event/Incident Report) reporting flagword used in the United States National Command Authority structure. The term "Pinnacle" denotes an incident of interest to the Major Commands, Department of Defense and National Command Authority, in that it:

• Generates a higher level of military action
• Causes a national reaction
• Affects international relationships
• Causes immediate widespread coverage in news media
• Is clearly against the national interest
• Affects current national policy

All of the following reporting terms are classified Pinnacle, with the exception of Bent Spear, Faded Giant and Dull Sword. AFI 10-206 notes that the flagword Pinnacle may be added to Bent Spear or Faded Giant to expedite reporting to the National Military Command Center (NMCC).

Bent Spear

Bent Spear refers to incidents involving nuclear weapons, warheads, components or vehicles transporting nuclear material that are of significant interest but are not categorized as Pinnacle - Nucflash or Pinnacle - Broken Arrow. Bent Spear incidents include violations or breaches of handling and security regulations.

A recent Bent Spear example is the August 2007 flight of a B-52 bomber from Minot AFB to Barksdale AFB which carried six cruise missiles with live nuclear warheads.^[3]

Broken Arrow

Pinnacle - Broken Arrow refers to an accidental event that involves nuclear weapons, warheads or components, but which does not create the risk of nuclear war. These include:

• Accidental or unexplained nuclear detonation.
• Non-nuclear detonation or burning of a nuclear weapon.
• Radioactive contamination.
• Loss in transit of nuclear asset with or without its carrying vehicle.
• Jettisoning of a nuclear weapon or nuclear component.
• Public hazard, actual or implied.

Examples of Broken Arrow events are:

• 1950 British Columbia B-36 crash
• 1956 B-47 disappearance
• 1958 Tybee Island B-47 crash
• 1965. LTJG Douglas M. Webster, a United States Navy aviator, was the sole victim of a 1965 Broken Arrow in the Pacific Ocean that went unacknowledged by the Pentagon until 1981. His A-4 Skyhawk was lost over the side of the USS Ticonderoga (CVA-14) on 5 December 1965 while the attack jet, armed with a B43 nuclear bomb, was being rolled from a hangar bay onto an elevator during a training exercise off the coast of Japan. Webster, the A-4E Skyhawk, BuNo 151022, of Attack Squadron VA-56, and the nuclear weapon were lost when the jet rolled off an elevator,^[4] of the aircraft carrier in 16,000 feet of water in the Pacific Ocean, 80 miles from Okinawa.^{[5] [6]} The Skyhawk was being rolled from the number 2 hangar bay to the number 2 elevator when it was lost.^[7] Airframe, pilot, and the bomb were never found.^[8] No public mention was made of the incident at the time and it would not come to light until a 1981 Pentagon report revealed that a one-megaton bomb had been lost.^[9] Japan then asked for details of the incident.^[10]
• 1966 Palomares B-52 crash^[11]
• 1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash

NUCFLASH

Pinnacle - Nucflash refers to detonation or possible detonation of a nuclear weapon which creates a risk of an outbreak of nuclear war. Events which may be classified Pinnacle - Nucflash include:

• Accidental, unauthorized, or unexplained nuclear detonation or possible detonation.
• Accidental or unauthorized launch of a nuclear-armed or nuclear-capable missile in the direction of, or having the capability to reach, another nuclear-capable country.
• Unauthorized flight of, or deviation from an approved flight plan by, a nuclear armed or nuclear-capable aircraft with the capability to penetrate the airspace of another nuclear-capable country.
• Detection of unidentified objects by a missile warning system or interference (experienced by such a system or related communications) that appears threatening and could create a risk of nuclear war.

This term (Pinnacle Nucflash) is a report that has the highest precedence in the OPREP-3 reporting structure. All other reporting terms such as Broken Arrow, Empty Quiver, etc., while very important, are secondary to this report. (Reference Air Force Instruction 10-206, dated 4 October 2004)

Examples

Example of a NUCFLASH incident could have been:

• Able Archer An incident in 1983 involving a NATO war game exercise and a near Soviet nuclear reaction.
• Operation RYAN A Soviet intelligence operation that monitored the likelihood of an American-led nuclear first strike against the Soviet Union.
• Norwegian rocket incident

Emergency Disablement

Pinnacle - Emergency Disablement refers to operations involving the emergency destruction of nuclear weapons.

Emergency Evacuation

Pinnacle - Emergency Evacuation refers to operations involving the emergency evacuation of nuclear weapons.

Empty Quiver

Pinnacle - Empty Quiver refers to the seizure, theft, or loss of a functioning nuclear weapon.

Faded Giant

Faded Giant refers to an event involving a military nuclear reactor or other radiological accident not involving nuclear weapons.

Dull Sword

Dull Sword is an Air Force reporting term that marks reports of minor incidents involving nuclear weapons, components or systems, or which could impair their deployment. This could include actions involving vehicles capable of carrying nuclear weapons but with no nuclear weapons on board at the time of the accident. This also is used to report damage or deficiencies with equipment, tools, or diagnostic testers that are designed for use on nuclear weapons or the nuclear weapon release systems of nuclear-capable aircraft.

Popular culture

Several of these terms have, in various forms, entered popular culture.^[12] They have not always been used correctly.

• The John Woo action film Broken Arrow initially involves an apparent "Pinnacle-Broken Arrow" event, as the nuclear weapons are supposedly jettisoned in an emergency, but as this is a ruse to steal the weapons, it actually depicts a "Pinnacle-Empty Quiver" event by the above definitions. However, the subsequent detonation of one of those weapons constituted a "Pinnacle-Broken Arrow" event.

• "Rogue Spear" is supposedly a means of flagging incidents in which nuclear weapons come under the control of non-governmental groups, but the term is the invention of American thriller writer Tom Clancy, for the computer game Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Rogue Spear in place of "Pinnacle-Empty Quiver".

• In the Tom Clancy novel The Sum of all Fears, the term "Empty Quiver" is used in reference to loss of an Israeli nuclear weapon, which falls into the hands of terrorists which results in a Nuc-Flash.

• In the 1994 film True Lies, Arnold Schwarzenegger's character Harry Tasker calls a "Bright Boy Alert" for the impending detonation of a stolen Russian warhead on U.S. soil by terrorists, although this presumably should be termed a "Broken Arrow" event since it involves a nuclear incident unlikely to result in nuclear war.

• Eric L. Harry's novel Arc Light, uses several of the U.S. nuclear incident terms when the Russians launch a counterforce strike against the United States: the Commander-in-Chief of NORAD orders an "OPREP 3 PINNACLE NUCFLASH 4" be sent to the National Command Authority after the Russian launch was detected, and "OPREP 3 PINNACLE NUDET" was used to report the nuclear detonations as the warheads impacted.

• In the movie We Were Soldiers, during the battle at Landing Zone X-Ray in the Ia Drang Valley during the Vietnam War, the code name "Broken Arrow" was used for calling in all available aircraft for an air strike, to support a ground unit facing imminent defeat in a battle.

• In the television series NCIS, an episode features a plot involving a missing nuclear weapon. It is referred to in the episode as a "Broken Arrow" incident (also the name of the episode). The episode implies the warhead was one of the ones lost in the 1956 B-47 disappearance.

• In a second season episode of NCIS Los Angeles, a nuclear warhead is stolen to attempt to cause a panic about a possible nuclear terrorist attack. The Theft is correctly labeled an "Empty Quiver" Incident.

• The TV series JAG has an episode called "Empty Quiver" about the theft or loss of a nuclear weapon, which is accidentally jettisoned from a submarine. The loss is correctly labeled an "Empty Quiver" incident.

See also

• Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents
• Nuclear and radiation accidents
• United States and weapons of mass destruction

References

1. ^ "DoD Directive 5230.16, "Nuclear Accident and Incident Public Affairs (PA) Guidance", 12/20/1993". www.dtic.mil. http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/html/523016.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-05. 
2. ^ "Air Force E-Publishing - Home". www.e-publishing.af.mil. http://www.e-publishing.af.mil/. Retrieved 2010-02-05. 
3. ^ Warrick, Joby; Pincus, Walter. "Missteps in the Bunker - washingtonpost.com". washingtonpost.com. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2007/09/23/ST2007092300048.html. Retrieved 2010-02-05. 
4. ^ Maggelet, Michael H., and Oskins, James C., Broken Arrow: The Declassified History of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Accidents, Lulu Publishing, www.lulu.com, 2007, ISBN 978-1-4357-0361-2, chapter 29, page 217.
5. ^ Gibson, James N. Nuclear Weapons of the United States – An Illustrated History. Atglen, Pennsylvania.: Schiffer Publishing Ltd., 1996, Library of Congress card no. 96-67282, ISBN 0-7643-0063-6, page 130.
6. ^ Winchester, Jim, Douglas A-4 Skyhawk: Heineman's Hot Rod. Barnsley, Yorkshire, United Kingdom: Pen & Sword Books, 2005, ISBN 1-84415-085-2, page 199.
7. ^ "LTJG Douglas M. Webster". A4skyhawk.org. 1965-12-05. http://a4skyhawk.org/3e/va56/webster-va56.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-28. 
8. ^ Broken Arrows at www.atomicarchive.com. Accessed Aug 24, 2007.
9. ^ Washington, D.C.: The Washington Post, Reuters, "U.S. Confirms '65 Loss of H-Bomb Near Japanese Islands", Tuesday, 9 May 1989, page A-27.
10. ^ Washington, D.C.: The Washington Post, "Japan Asks Details On Lost H-Bomb", Wednesday, 10 May 1989, page A-35.
11. ^ Palomares Nuclear Weapons Accident: Revised Dose Evaluation Report (Report). Bolling Air Force Base, Washington, D.C.: Office of the Surgeon General, United States Air Force. April 2001. http://airforcemedicine.afms.mil/latestnews/palomares_body.pdf. Retrieved 2011-06-15. 
12. ^ "Dead Programmer's Cafe". www.deadprogrammer.com. http://www.deadprogrammer.com/?p=1469. Retrieved 2010-02-05. 

Sources

• Annotated bibliography from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
• Department of Defense directive 5230.16
• AFMAN 10-206
• Taylor's Nuke Site - Broken Arrow Investigations