- Ostrya virginiana
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Ostrya virginiana 
Ostrya virginiana Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae (unranked): Angiosperms (unranked): Eudicots (unranked): Rosids Order: Fagales Family: Betulaceae Genus: Ostrya Species: O. virginiana Binomial name Ostrya virginiana
(Mill.) K.Koch
Ostrya virginiana (American Hophornbeam), is a species of Ostrya native to eastern North America, from Nova Scotia west to southern Manitoba and eastern Wyoming, southeast to northern Florida and southwest to eastern Texas and northeastern Mexico. Other names include eastern hophornbeam, hardhack (in New England), ironwood, and leverwood.
It is a deciduous understory tree growing to 18 m tall and 0.2–0.5 m trunk diameter. The bark is brown to gray-brown, with small shaggy plates flaking off. The leaves are ovoid-acute, 5–13 cm long and 4–6 cm broad, with a finely serrated margin. The flowers are catkins produced in spring at the same time as the new leaves appear; the male catkins are 20–50 mm long, the female 8–15 mm long. The fruit is a small nutlet 3–5 mm long fully enclosed in a papery white involucre 1–1.8 cm long, with 10–30 involucres on each catkin.
Populations along the Atlantic coast have slightly smaller leaves, and are sometimes separated as O. virginiana var. lasia Fernald.
The buds and catkins are important source of winter food for some birds, notably Ruffed Grouse (Bonasa umbellus).
It is grown as an ornamental plant and is sometimes used as a street tree.
Its wood is very resilient and is valued for making tool handles and fence posts.
Being a diffuse porous hardwood and having extremely high density and resistance to compression, it is an excellent material for the construction of wooden longbows.
References
- Flora of North America: Ostrya virginiana.
- US Forest Service: Ostrya virginiana.
- Bioimages: Ostrya virginiana.
- University of Wisconsin - Green Bay. Trees of Wisconsin. Ostrya virginiana.
- Virginia Tech. VTree ID. Ostrya virginiana.
- University of Connecticut. Plants Database. Ostrya virginiana.
- Duke University. Ostrya virginiana.
- Yale University. Cyber Flora. Ostrya virginiana.
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