Philip Miller

Philip Miller FRS (1691 – 18 December 1771) was a Scottish botanist.^[1]

Miller was chief gardener at the Chelsea Physic Garden from 1722^[2] until he was pressured to retire shortly before his death. According to the botanist Peter Collinson, who visited the Physic Garden in July 1764 and recorded his observation in his commonplace books, Miller "has raised the reputation of the Chelsea Garden so much that it excels all the gardens of Europe for its amazing variety of plants of all orders and classes and from all climates..."^[3] He wrote The Gardener's and Florists Dictionary or a Complete System of Horticulture (1724) and The Gardener's Dictionary containing the Methods of Cultivating and Improving the Kitchen Fruit and Flower Garden, which first appeared in 1731 in an impressive folio and passed through eight expanding editions in his lifetime and was translated to Dutch by Job Baster.^[4]

Miller corresponded with other botanists, and obtained plants from all over the world, many of which he cultivated for the first time in England and is credited as their introducer. His knowledge of living plants, for which he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, was unsurpassed in breadth in his lifetime.^[5] He trained William Aiton, who later became head gardener at Kew, and William Forsyth, after whom Forsythia was named. The fourth Duke of Bedford contracted him to supervising the pruning of fruit trees at Woburn Abbey and the care of his prized collection of American trees, especially evergreens, which were grown from seeds that, on Miller's suggestion, had been sent in barrels from Pennsylvania, where they had been collected by John Bartram.^[6] Through a consortium of sixty subscribers, 1733-66, the contents of Bartram's boxes introduced such American trees as Abies balsamea and Pinus rigida into English gardens.

Miller was reluctant to use the new binomial nomenclature of Carolus Linnaeus, preferring the classifications of Joseph Pitton de Tournefort and John Ray at first. Linnaeus, nevertheless, applauded Miller's Gardeners Dictionary,^[7] The conservative Scot actually retained a number of pre-Linnaean binomial signifiers discarded by Linnaeus but which have been retained by modern botantists. He only fully changed to the Linnaean system in the edition of The Gardeners Dictionary of 1768, though he had already described some genera, such as Larix and Vanilla, validly under the Linnaean system earlier, in the fourth edition (1754).^[8]

Miller sent the first long-strand cotton seeds, which he had developed, to the new British colony of Georgia in 1733. They were first planted on Sea Island, off the coast of Georgia, and hence derived the name of the finest cotton, Sea Island Cotton. The presumed portrait, engraved by C.J. Maillet and affixed to the posthumous French edition of Miller's Gardeners Dictionary, 1787, shows the wrong Miller, John Miller, son of the London-based Nuremberg artist Johann Sebastian Muller.^[9] No authentic portrait is known.

Miller's two sons worked under him, one, Charles, became the first head of the Cambridge Botanic Garden.

The standard author abbreviation Mill. is used to indicate this individual as the author when citing a botanical name.^[10]

Notes

1. ^ H. Le Rougetel, "Gardener extraordinary: Philip Miller of Chelsea (1691-1771)", Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society 96 (1971:556-63).
2. ^ 1722 is the date given by Hazel Le Rougetel, "Philip Miller/John Bartram Botanical Exchange" Garden History 14.1 (Spring 1986:32-39).
3. ^ Allen Paterson, "Philip Miller: A Portrait" Garden History, 14.1 (Spring 1986:40-41)
4. ^ The botanical engravings in the eighth edition (1752) provided subjects painted on Chelse plates.
5. ^ Frans A. Stafleu, reviewing the facsimile of The Gardeners Dictionary in Taxon 18.6 (December 1969:713-715) p 713.
6. ^ Le Rougetel 1986:32, quoting John Collinson's letter to the Duke of Bedford.
7. ^ Non erit Lexicon Hortulanorum, sed etiam Botanicorum, that the book will be, not just a lexicon of gardeners, but of botanists."; noted in Paterson 1986:40-41.
8. ^ This edition, "corrected and enlarged" and also "abridged from the last folio edition, was reprinted in a handsome facsimile with an introduction by W.T. Stearn in 1969.
9. ^ The error is demonstrated by Allen Paterson 1986:40-41.
10. ^ "Author Query". International Plant Names Index. http://www.ipni.org/ipni/authorsearchpage.do. 

Persondata
Name	Miller, Philip
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	1691
Place of birth
Date of death	18 December 1771
Place of death