James A. Bayard (elder)

Infobox Officeholder
honorific-prefix =
name = James A. Bayard
honorific-suffix =


imagesize =
small

office = U. S. Senator from Delaware
term_start = November 13, 1804
term_end = March 3, 1813
predecessor = William H. Wells
successor = William H. Wells
office2 = U.S. Representative from Delaware
term_start2 = March 4, 1797
term_end2 = March 3, 1803
predecessor2 = John Patten
successor2 = Caesar A. Rodney
birth_date = birth date|1767|7|28|mf=y
birth_place = Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
death_date = death date and age|1815|8|6|1767|7|28
death_place = Wilmington, Delaware
spouse = Ann (Nancy) Bassett
party = Federalist
residence = Wilmington, Delaware
alma_mater =
occupation =
profession = lawyer
religion =

James Asheton Bayard (July 28, 1767 – August 6, 1815) was an American lawyer and politician from Wilmington, in New Castle County, Delaware. He was a member of the Federalist Party, who served as U.S. Representative from Delaware and U.S. Senator from Delaware.

Early life and family

Bayard was born July 28, 1767 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, son of Dr. James Asheton Bayard and Ann Hodge. The Bayards descended from a sister of Dutch Director-General Petrus Stuyvesant and came to Bohemia Manor, Cecil County, Maryland in 1698. Upon the premature death of his parents, the younger James went to live with his uncle, Colonel John B. Bayard, in Philadelphia. He graduated from Princeton College in 1784, studied law under General Joseph Reed and Jared Ingersoll, and was admitted to the Bar in 1787 and began a practice in Wilmington, Delaware. Bayard married Ann, or Nancy Bassett, the daughter of wealthy Delaware lawyer and U.S. Senator Richard Bassett. They had six children, Richard, Caroline, James Jr., Edward, Mary, and Henry M. and lived on the southwest corner of 3rd and French Street in Wilmington coord|39.7389|N|75.550|W|type:landmark.

Political career

U.S. House of Representatives

Bayard was first elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1796, and served there for three terms, from March 4, 1797 until March 3, 1803. While in the U.S. House "he was distinguished as an orator and constitutional lawyer and became a leader of the party in the house." He especially distinguished himself as one of the managers appointed in 1798 to conduct the impeachment proceedings against William Blount, a U.S. Senator from Tennessee. Blount was accused of inciting the Creeks and Cherokees to help the British take New Orleans from the Spanish. While the U.S. House impeached him, under Bayard's leadership, the United States Senate dropped the charges in 1799 on the grounds that no further action could be taken beyond his dismissal. This set an important precedent for the future with regard to the limitations on actions which could be taken by U.S. Congress against its members and former members.

Bayard also played an important part in the U.S. presidential election of 1800. With the vote tied in the Electoral College, it was a group of Federalists led by Bayard who broke the deadlock by agreeing to allow the election of Thomas Jefferson by the House of Representatives. When it seemed the Federalists were about to vote for Aaron Burr, Bayard is believed to have followed the advice of Alexander Hamilton and persuaded his Federalist colleagues to abstain from voting. It was also believed he struck a deal with the incoming Jefferson, to refrain from the wholesale removal of Federalists from appointed positions. While that was never proved, Jefferson allowed the Federalist office holders to remain employed.

Just before John Adams left office as U.S. President he used the provisions of the Judiciary Act of 1801 to make many "midnight" judicial appointments. Among those was Bayard's father-in-law, Richard Bassett. Resigning as Governor of Delaware Bassett took a position as a federal judge, but soon was out of work when Jefferson had the act repealed. Bayard himself declined an appointment as Minister to France offered by President John Adams in 1801.

So effective was Bayard in opposing Jefferson's government that all out effort was made by the Democratic-Republicans to unseat him in his attempt at a fourth term in 1802. Caesar A. Rodney, nephew of the Revolutionary President of Delaware Caesar Rodney, beat Bayard by 15 votes. However, two years later, in 1804, the result was reversed with Bayard besting Rodney. In the best Delaware tradition, the two remained friends throughout.

U.S. Senate and Peace Commissioner

Although elected to the U.S. House in 1804, Bayard never returned there, because before the term began, on November 13, 1804, he was elected by the Delaware General Assembly as U.S. Senator, filling the vacancy caused by the resignation of William H. Wells. He began a term of his own the following March 1805, was reelected six years later, in 1810, and served until his resignation on March 3, 1813.

By his own admission, it mattered little who represented Delaware, if they were a Federalist, because the party was in such a minority. Like most of his party, Bayard opposed "Mr. Madison's War" as the War of 1812 was sometimes scornfully called, but like the Democratic-Republicans, he was outraged at the British actions on the high seas and recognized the need for action. As the possibility of war became more likely, he urged caution, thinking of the lack of preparedness of the military and especially of the vulnerability of coastal Delaware. However, once the war began he and all Delaware Federalists wholeheartedly supported the effort, avoiding the suspicion of treason earned by Federalists in New England. No doubt because of that support, he was the only Federalist appointed as one of the peace commissioners that eventually negotiated the Treaty of Ghent. Resigning his United States Senate seat he went to Europe and played a major role in the negotiations which ended the War of 1812 when the treaty was signed in December 1814. Subsequently, President James Madison offered him an appointment as Minister to Russia, but Bayard declined, believing a Federalist could hardly well-represent a Democratic-Republican administration.

Death and legacy

After spending several months in Europe, Bayard returned home in the summer of 1815. During the trip he developed an inflamed throat, and became critically ill. He lived only five days after his return and died August 6, 1815 in Wilmington, Delaware. He was originally buried on Bohemia Manor, in Cecil County Maryland. In 1842, his remains were removed, along with those of his father-in-law, Richard Bassett, and reburied at the Wilmington and Brandywine Cemetery in Wilmington. Bayard was the father of two U.S. Senators Richard H. Bayard and James A. Bayard, Jr. grandfather of another, Thomas F. Bayard, Sr. and great grandfather of another, Thomas F. Bayard, Jr.. One of his younger sons, Edward Bayard, studied law under Daniel Cady Elizabeth Cady Stanton's father, in Johnstown, New York. He later married Stanton's older sister, Tryphena.

Almanac

Elections were held the first Tuesday of October. Members of the U.S. House took office 4th of March for a two year term. The General Assembly chose the U.S. Senators, who also took office March 4th, and served for a six year term.