Sophus Lie

Sophus Lie
Born	17 December 1842(1842-12-17) Nordfjordeid, Norway
Died	18 February 1899(1899-02-18) (aged 56) Christiania, Norway
Fields	Mathematics
Institutions	University of Christiania, University of Leipzig
Alma mater	University of Christiania
Known for	Lie algebras and Lie groups
Notable awards	Lobachevsky Medal

Marius Sophus Lie (Norwegian pronunciation: [liː] "Lee") (17 December 1842 – 18 February 1899) was a Norwegian mathematician. He largely created the theory of continuous symmetry, and applied it to the study of geometry and differential equations.

Biography

His first mathematical work, Repräsentation der Imaginären der Plangeometrie, was published, in 1869, by the Academy of Sciences in Christiania and also by Crelle's Journal. That same year he received a scholarship and traveled to Berlin, where he stayed from September to February 1870. There, he met Felix Klein and they became close friends. When he left Berlin, Lie traveled to Paris, where he was joined by Klein two months later. There, they met Camille Jordan and Gaston Darboux. But on 19 July 1870 the Franco-Prussian War began and Klein (who was Prussian) had to leave France very quickly. Lie decided then to visit Luigi Cremona in Milan but he was arrested at Fontainebleau under suspicion of being a German spy, an event which made him famous in Norway. He was released from prison after a month, thanks to the intervention of Darboux.

Lie obtained his PhD, at the University of Christiania (present day Oslo), in 1871, with a thesis entitled On a class of geometric transformations. It would be described by Darboux as “one of the most handsome discoveries of modern Geometry”. The next year, the Norwegian Parliament established an extraordinary professorship for him. That same year, Lie visited Klein, who was then at Erlangen and working on the Erlangen program.

At the end of 1872, Sophus Lie proposed to Anna Birch, then eighteen-year-old, and they were married in 1874. The couple had three children: Marie (b. 1877), Dagny (b. 1880) and Herman (b. 1884).

In 1884, Friedrich Engel arrived at Christiania to help him, with the support of Klein and Adolph Mayer (who were both professors at Leipzig, by then). Engel would help Lie to write his most important treatise, Theorie der Transformationsgruppen, published in Leipzig in three volumes from 1888 to 1893. Decades later, Engel would also be one of the two editors of Lie's collected works.

In 1886 Lie became professor at Leipzig, replacing Klein, who had moved to Göttingen. In November 1889 he suffered a mental breakdown and had to be hospitalized until June 1890. Lie resigned from his post in May 1898 and returned to Norway in September of that year.

He was made Honorary Member of the London Mathematical Society in 1878, Member of the French Academy of Sciences in 1892, Foreign Member of the Royal Society of London in 1895 and foreign associate of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America in 1895.

Sophus Lie died at the age of 56, due to pernicious anemia, a disease caused by impaired absorption of vitamin B12.

Legacy

Lie's principal tool, and one of his greatest achievements, was the discovery that continuous transformation groups (now called, after him, Lie groups) could be better understood by "linearizing" them, and studying the corresponding generating vector fields (the so-called infinitesimal generators). The generators are subject to a linearized version of the group law, now called the commutator bracket, and have the structure of what is today called a Lie algebra.^[1][2]

Hermann Weyl used Lie's work on group theory in his papers from 1922 and 1923, and Lie groups today play a role in quantum mechanics.^[2] However, the subject of Lie groups as it is studied today is vastly different from what the research by Sophus Lie was about and “among the 19th century masters, Lie's work is in detail certainly the least known today”.^[3]

Books written by Sophus Lie

• Lie, Sophus (1888) (in German), Theorie der Transformationsgruppen I, Leipzig: B. G. Teubner . Written with the help of Friedrich Engel.
• Lie, Sophus (1890) (in German), Theorie der Transformationsgruppen II, Leipzig: B. G. Teubner . Written with the help of Friedrich Engel.
• Lie, Sophus (1891) (in German), Vorlesungen über differentialgleichungen mit bekannten infinitesimalen transformationen, Leipzig: B. G. Teubner . Written with the help of Georg Scheffers.
• Lie, Sophus (1893) (in German), Vorlesungen über continuerliche Gruppen, Leipzig: B. G. Teubner . Written with the help of Georg Scheffers.
• Lie, Sophus (1893) (in German), Theorie der Transformationsgruppen III, Leipzig: B. G. Teubner . Written with the help of Friedrich Engel.
• Lie, Sophus (1896) (in German), Geometrie der Berührungstransformationen, Leipzig: B. G. Teubner . Written with the help of Georg Scheffers.

See also

• Lie bracket
• Lie derivative
• Lie sphere geometry
• Lie's third theorem
• Carathéodory-Jacobi-Lie theorem
• List of simple Lie groups

Notes

1. ^ Helgason, Sigurdur (1994), "Sophus Lie, the Mathematician", Proceedings of The Sophus Lie Memorial Conference, Oslo, August, 1992, Oslo: Scandinavian University Press, pp. 3–21, http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mathematics/18-755-introduction-to-lie-groups-fall-2004/readings/helga_sopmath3_2.pdf. 
2. ^ ^{a b} Gale, Thomson. "Marius Sophus Lie Biography". World of Mathematics. http://www.bookrags.com/biography/marius-sophus-lie-wom/. Retrieved 23 January 2009. 
3. ^ Hermann, Robert, ed. (1975), Sophus Lie's 1880 transformation group paper, Lie groups: History, frontiers and applications, 1, Math Sci Press, p. iii, ISBN 0-915692-10-4 

Bibliography

• Fritzsche, Bernd (1999), "Sophus Lie: A Sketch of his Life and Work", Journal of Lie Theory 9 (1): 1–38, ISSN 0949-5932, MR1680023, Zbl 0927.01029, http://www.emis.de/journals/JLT/vol.9_no.1/1.html, retrieved 2 December 2010 
• Freudenthal, Hans (1970–1980), "Lie, Marius Sophus", Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Charles Scribner's Sons 
• Stubhaug, Arild (2002), The mathematician Sophus Lie: It was the audacity of my thinking, Springer-Verlag, ISBN 3-540-42137-8 
• Yaglom, Isaak Moiseevich (1988), Grant, Hardy; Shenitzer, Abe, eds., Felix Klein and Sophus Lie: Evolution of the idea of symmetry in the nineteenth century, Birkhäuser, ISBN 3-7643-3316-2 

External links

•  Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). "Lie, Marius Sophus". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 
• O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F. (February 2000), "Sophus Lie", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews, http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Lie.html .

Persondata
Name	Lie, Marius Sophus
Alternative names
Short description	Norwegian mathematician
Date of birth	17 December 1842
Place of birth	Nordfjordeid, Norway
Date of death	18 February 1899
Place of death	Christiania, Norway