City of Greater New York

This article is about the consolidation of New York City in 1897-98. For the greater metropolitan area that includes New York City today, see New York metropolitan area.

The City of Greater New York was a term commonly used originally to refer to the expanded city created on January 1, 1898 by the incorporation into the city of Richmond County, Kings County, Queens County, and the eastern part of what is now called The Bronx (east of the Bronx River). The west Bronx, west of the Bronx River, had been annexed to the City and County of New York in 1874, and was known as the Annexed District. The City of Brooklyn had also expanded by annexation.

The phrase City of Greater New York was never a legal or official designation as both the original charter of 1898 and the newer one of 1938 use the name of City of New York.[1]

The consolidation movement was the work of several progressive politicians, most prominently Andrew Haswell Green so some opponents derided the effort as "Andy Green's hobby." The center of the plan was the consolidation of the twin cities of New York and Brooklyn, whose fire departments had already been consolidated. The addition of Long Island City and various rural areas anticipated the spread of urban sprawl to those areas. With the Republicans historically more powerful in Brooklyn and the Democrats elsewhere, partisan politics played a role, each major political party hoping to dominate the consolidated city.

The plan required a referendum in all affected areas. Opposition was concentrated in Brooklyn, based largely on municipal pride. Opposing newspapers were accused of seeking to retain the revenues of official advertising, while opposing politicians were accused of graft. Considerations of finance and water supply prevailed, and the people of Brooklyn voted by a narrow margin to consolidate.

New York's commuter zone had only reached into the middle of Kings County, the Annexed District, and western Queens, so for decades the consolidated municipal government was in charge of mile upon mile of farmland and dusty country roads.^{[citation needed]}

Home rule

Since the enlarged city at the time contained the majority of the state of New York's entire population (currently approximately 40%) and the enlargement increased the city's already enormous power within the state, the state legislature established certain oversight powers within the city. For example, some issues of taxation and changes in governmental procedures require state approval or granting of specific home rule powers.

Conversely, the State Constitution was amended to provide that no city could elect the majority of the State Assembly, a provision later struck down by the US Supreme Court as violating the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The provision of the 1897 amalgamation Charter for equal representation of the five separate Boroughs on the New York City Board of Estimate suffered a similar fate.

Staten Island secession

The "Greater City" exists as a result of actions of the New York State Legislature, and, as such, could be reduced in size by the same mechanism. A non-binding referendum in the borough of Staten Island was held in 1993 to consider whether that borough should be allowed to secede from the City. The New York City government and then-Mayor David Dinkins opposed the vote, contending that the referendum should not be permitted by the state unless the city issued a home rule message supporting it, which the city would not. Then-Governor Mario Cuomo disagreed, and the vote went forward. The vote was in favor of secession through the approval of a new city charter making Staten Island an independent city.

The Staten Island secession movement was defused, or at least deferred, by the election on the same ballot of Rudolph Giuliani as New York City mayor, who had campaigned on the promise that Staten Island's grievances would be addressed. Giuliani's plurality in his narrow victory over Dinkins was aided by overwhelming support from Staten Island. Two of the borough's biggest demands were closing the Fresh Kills Landfill and making the Staten Island Ferry free, both of which have since been fulfilled.

See also

• List of former municipalities in New York City
• Borough (New York City)
• History of New York City (1855-1897)
• History of New York City (1898-1945)

External links

• Article about Staten Island Secession at the City Journal web site

• "Inventing Gotham". http://mapsites.net/gotham01/ConsolidationDBQ.htm. Retrieved December 28, 2007. 

• Holice, Deb & Pam. "The History of New York State". Archived from the original on August 22, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070822203458/http://www.usgennet.org/usa/ny/state/his/bk2/ch4/pt8.html. Retrieved December 28, 2007. 

• Dr. James Sullivan (editor). The History of New York State. Book II, Chapter IV Part VIII. 

• Geoffrey Mohan (Staff Writer) (2007). "Nassau's Difficult Birth; Eastern factions of Queens win the fight to separate after six decades of wrangling". Newsday. http://www.newsday.com/community/guide/lihistory/ny-history-hs615a,0,7026626.story?page=4. Retrieved December 31, 2007. "North Hempstead, Oyster Bay and the rest of Hempstead were excluded from the vote." ^{[dead link]}

• "Of Interest To Politicians.". The New York Times. September 13, 1894 (before vote). p. 9. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C05EFDD1131E033A25750C1A96F9C94659ED7CF. Retrieved December 28, 2007. "The question of the Greater New-York, which is also to be submitted to the people at this coming election, involves the proposition to unite in one city the following cities, counties, and towns: New-York City, Long Island City, in Queens County; the County of Kings, (Brooklyn;) the County of Richmond, (S.I.;) the towns of Flushing, Newtown, Jamaica, in Queens County; the town of Westchester, in Westchester County, and all that portion of the towns of East Chester and Pelham which lies south of a straight line drawn from a point where the northerly line of the City of New-York meets the centre line of the Bronx River, to the middle of the channel between Hunter's and Glen Islands, in Long Island Sound, and that part of the town of Hempstead, in Queens County, which is westerly of a straight line drawn from the south-easterly point of the town of Flushing in a straight line to the Atlantic Ocean." 

• "Vote for Greater New York". The New York Times. October 16, 1894 (before election). http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D06E0D91131E033A25755C1A9669D94659ED7CF. Retrieved December 28, 2007. 

• "New-York's Place In Danger; Consolidation Defeated, She Must Yield To Chicago.". The New York Times. November 4, 1894 (before election). http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A0DE3D71131E033A25757C0A9679D94659ED7CF. Retrieved December 28, 2007. 

• "Greater New-York In Doubt; The City Vote Is For It And Brooklyn Is Uncertain". The New York Times. November 8, 1894 (before results of Queens vote known). http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9403E0D61531E033A2575BC0A9679D94659ED7CF. Retrieved December 28, 2007. "The increase in area and population that New-York will acquire if consolidation becomes a fact will become evident by a glance at the following table... Flushing... *Part of the town of Hempstead... Jamaica... Long Island City ... Newtown... The townships in Queens County that are to be included in the Greater New-York have not been heard from yet..." 

• "Official Announcement of the Results of the Election" (PDF). The New York Times. December 15, 1894. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9E0CE2D81730E033A25756C1A9649D94659ED7CF. Retrieved December 28, 2007. "The area included a radius of twenty miles, with the city hall in New York as a center to circumscribe it" 

• "Report Favors Consolidation.; An Argument Against the Claims of the Resubmissionists.". The New York Times. February 22, 1896. pp. Page 1, 5318 words. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B02E3DD123EE333A25751C2A9649C94679ED7CF. Retrieved December 28, 2007. 

• "The East City Line Fixed". The New York Times. February 12, 1899. p. 15. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C04E2DC1730E132A25751C1A9649C94689ED7CF. Retrieved December 28, 2007.