Takijirō Ōnishi

Takijirō Ōnishi
Japanese Admiral Takijirō Ōnishi
Born	June 2, 1891(1891-06-02) Tamba, Hyōgo, Japan
Died	16 August 1945(1945-08-16) (aged 54)[1] Tokyo, Japan
Allegiance	Empire of Japan
Service/branch	Imperial Japanese Navy
Years of service	1912-1945
Rank	Vice Admiral
Commands held	First Air Fleet
Battles/wars	World War II

In this Japanese name, the family name is "Ōnishi".

Takijirō Ōnishi (大西 瀧治郎, Ōnishi Takijirō^?, 2 June 1891 – 16 August 1945) was an admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II, who came to be known as the father of the kamikaze.

Biography

Early career

Ōnishi was a native of Ashida village (part of present day Tamba city) in Hyōgo prefecture. He graduated from the 40th class of the Imperial Japanese Navy Academy, ranked 20 out of a class of 144 cadets in 1912. He served his midshipman term on the cruiser Soya and battlecruiser Tsukuba and after his commissioning as ensign was assigned to the battleship Kawachi.

As a sub-lieutenant, he was assigned to the seaplane tender Wakamiya, and helped develop the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service in its early stages. He was also dispatched to England and France in 1918, to learn more about the development of combat aircraft and their use in World War I.

After his return, he was promoted to lieutenant, and assigned to the Yokosuka Naval Air Group from 1918-1920. He continued to serve in various staff positions related to naval aviation through the 1920s, and was also a flight instructor at Kasumigaura.

After his promotion to lieutenant commander, Ōnishi was assigned to the aircraft carrier Hōshō on 10 December 1928 as commander of the carrier air wing. He became executive officer of the aircraft carrier Kaga on 15 November 1932. He was promoted to rear admiral on 15 November 1939 and chief of staff of the IJN 11th Air Fleet.

Admiral Takijirō Ōnishi in the cockpit, wearing flight gear.

World War II

Early in the Pacific Campaign of World War II he was the head of the Naval Aviation Development Division in the Ministry of Munitions and was responsible for some of the technical details of the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, under command of Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto. Ōnishi himself opposed the attack on the grounds that it would lead to a full-scale war with a foe that had the resources to overpower Japan into an unconditional surrender. Nevertheless, his 11th Air Fleet had a critical role in the operations, attacking American forces in the Philippines from bases in Taiwan.^[2]

On 1 May 1943, he was promoted to vice admiral. As an admiral, Ōnishi was also very interested in psychology, particularly as related to soldier′s reactions under critical circumstances (in 1938 he published a book on this subject: "War Ethics of the Imperial Navy").

After October 1944, Ōnishi became the commander of the 1st Air Fleet in the northern Philippines. While he is commonly credited with having devised the tactic of suicide air attacks (kamikaze) on Allied aircraft carriers, the project in fact predated his tenure and was one that he originally opposed as "heresy". Following the loss of the Mariana Islands, and facing orders to destroy the U.S. Navy′s aircraft carrier fleet in advance of "Operation Sho", Onishi changed his position and ordered the attacks.

In a meeting at Mabalacat Airfield (known to the U.S. military as Clark Air Base) near Manila on 19 October 1944, Ōnishi—visiting the 201st Navy Flying Corps headquarters—said: "In my opinion, there is only one way of assuring that our meager strength will be effective to a maximum degree. That is to organize suicide attack units composed of A6M Zero fighters armed with 250-kilogram bombs, with each plane to crash-dive into an enemy carrier... What do you think?" ^[3]

He addressed the first kamikaze unit, telling that their nobility of spirit would keep the homeland from ruin even in defeat.^[4]

After his recall to Tokyo, Ōnishi became Vice Chief of the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff on 19 May 1945.^[1]

Death

Ōnishi committed ritual suicide (seppuku) in his quarters on 16 August 1945, following the unconditional surrender of Japan at the end of World War II. His suicide note apologized to the approximately 4,000 pilots whom he had sent to their deaths, and urged all young civilians who had survived the war to work towards the rebuilding of Japan and peace among nations. He also stated that he would offer his death as a penance to the kamikaze pilots and their families. Accordingly, he did not use a kaishakunin (second), and died of self-inflicted injuries over a period of 15 hours.

The sword with which Ōnishi committed suicide is kept at the Yūshūkan Museum next to Yasukuni Shrine in Tokyo. Ōnishi′s ashes were divided between two graves – one at the Zen temple of Sōji-ji in Tsurumi, Yokohama, and the other at the public cemetery in former Ashida village in Hyōgo prefecture.

Legacy

Toei produced a biographical film in 1974 called あゝ決戦航空隊, Father of the Kamikaze in English.

See also

• Kamikaze

References

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b} Nishida, Imperial Japanese Navy
2. ^ Evans. Kaigun. Page 531
3. ^ Inoguchi Rikihei, Nakajima Tadashi, and Roger Pineau, The Divine Wind. Annapolis, 1958.
4. ^ Ivan Morris, The Nobility of Failure: Tragic Heroes in the History of Japan, p284 Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1975

Books

• Axell, Albert; Hideaki Kase (2002). Kamikaze: Japan's Suicide Gods. New York: Longman. ISBN 0-582-77232-X. 
• Evans, David (1979). Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887-1941. US Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0870211927. 
• Hoyt, Edwin P. (1993). The Last Kamikaze. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 0-275-94067-5. 
• Inoguchi, Rikihei; Nakajima, Tadashi; Pineau, Roder (2002). The Divine Wind: Japan's Kamikaze Force in World War II. US Naval Institute Press. ISBN 155750394X. 
• Millot, Bernard (1971). DIVINE THUNDER: The life and death of the Kamikazes. Macdonald. ISBN 0-356-03856-4. 
• Peattie, Mark R., Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power 1909-1941, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2001, ISBN 1-55750-432-6
• Sheftall, M.G. (2005). Blossoms in the Wind: Human Legacies of the Kamikaze. NAL Caliber. ISBN 0-451-21487-0. http://www.amazon.com/dp/B000EUKRAY/. 

External links

• One of the commanders who be orderd the Kamikaze operation(Japanese)
• Chen, Peter. "WW2DB:Tak1jiro Onishi". WW2 Database. http://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=170. Retrieved 2007-08-03. 
• "Onishi Takajiro". His farewell note. http://www.geocities.co.jp/WallStreet-Stock/6210/ThelastwillTakijiroOnishi.html. Retrieved 2007-08-03. 
• Mościbrodzki, Wojciech. "Onishi Takajiro". Admiral's Memorial Site. http://www.wojmos.com/admiral-ohnishi.html. Retrieved 2007-08-03. 
• Nishida, Hiroshi. "Materials of IJN: Onishi, Takajiro". Imperial Japanese Navy. http://homepage2.nifty.com/nishidah/e/px40.htm#v007. Retrieved 2007-08-03. 

Persondata
Name	Onishi, Takijirō
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	2 June 1891
Place of birth	Tamba, Hyōgo, Japan
Date of death	16 August 1945
Place of death	Tokyo, Japan