Bright-rumped Attila

__NOTOC__Taxobox
name = Bright-rumped Attila
status = LC
status_system = iucn3.1
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Aves
subclassis = Neornithes
infraclassis = Neognathae
superordo = Neoaves
ordo = Passeriformes
subordo = Tyranni
infraordo = Tyrannides
familia = Tyrannidae
genus = "Attila"
species = "A. spadiceus"
binomial = "Attila spadiceus"
binomial_authority = (Gmelin, 1789)

The Bright-rumped Attila or Polymorphic Attila, "Attila spadiceus", is a small passerine bird in the tyrant flycatcher family (Tyrannidae). It breeds from northwestern Mexico to western Ecuador, Bolivia and southeastern Brazil, and on Trinidad.

Description

The Bright-rumped Attila is a large tyrant flycatcher with a big head, hooked and slightly upturned bill and upright stance. It is 7 in (18 cm long) and weighs 1.4 oz (40 g). The head is olive-green streaked with black, the back is chestnut or olive, the rump bright yellow and the tail brown. The wings are dark brown with two pale wing bars and paler feather edging. The whitish or yellow throat and yellow breast are variably streaked darker. The belly is white becoming yellow near the tail. The iris is red. The sexes are similar, but young birds have a cinnamon-fringed crown and brown eyes.

The plumage is very variable, but the streaking below and obvious wingbars help in distinguishing this species from others in the genus. The calls include a loud "beat-it, beat-it" and a plaintive "ooo weery weery weery weery woo". It does not move when singing, so can be difficult to see.

Central American birds have slightly different song structures and also tend towards lighter ochre plumage independent of Gloger's Rule; they are sometimes separated as Flammulated Attila ("Attila flammulatus"). Their characteristic song given at dawn has been analyzed in detail: it has a very variable number of "weery"s which may become "weery'o"s, and often ends in a "woo-whit"; a finite state machine has been developed to simulate this structure [Leger (2005)] . However, due to the highly variable songs more data is required before the technically plausible split can be accepted; the AOU has so far refrained from formally acknowledging it.

Ecology

The Bright-rumped Attila is a common bird from the lowlands to 7,000 ft (2,100 m) ASL. It occurs in forests, second growth, pasture and plantations with trees, and shady gardens, and apparently it can tolerate a considerable amount of habitat destructionSalaman "et al." (2002)] . It is an active, aggressive and noisy species, usually seen alone. It eats insects, spiders, frogs and lizards taken from vegetation or the ground. It will pursue prey on foot as well as attacking in short sallies, and will follow army ant columns. It also takes many fruits (such as from Gumbo-limbo, "Bursera simaruba", and less frequently from "Cymbopetalum mayanum") [Foster (2007)] and seeds.

The nest is a deep cup of mosses, leaves and plant fibre; it may be built usually below 3m high amongst epiphyte, between buttress roots or in a bank, not necessarily in the forest. The typical clutch is two lilac- or rufous-marked dull white or pink eggs. Incubation by the female is 14-15 days to hatching, with another 17 days to fledging.

Footnotes

References

*|year=2004|id=50024|title=Attila spadiceus|downloaded=16 September 2007 Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
* (2007): The potential of fruiting trees to enhance converted habitats for migrating birds in southern Mexico. "Bird Conservation International" 17(1): 45-61. doi|10.1017/S0959270906000554 [http://journals.cambridge.org/production/action/cjoGetFulltext?fulltextid=936412 PDF fulltext]
* (2003): "Birds of Venezuela". Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 0-7136-6418-5
* (2005): First documentation of combinatorial song syntax in a suboscine passerine species. "Condor" 107(4): 765-774. doi|10.1650/7851.1 (HTML abstract)
* (1989): "A guide to the birds of Costa Rica". Comistock, Ithaca. ISBN 0-8014-9600-4
* (2002): New and noteworthy bird records from the east slope of the Andes of Colombia. "Caldasia" 24(1): 157-189. [http://www.unal.edu.co/icn/publicaciones/caldasia/24(1)/240111.pdf PDF fulltext]

External links

* [http://ibc.hbw.com/ibc/phtml/especie.phtml?idEspecie=5088 Bright-rumped Attila videos] on the Internet Bird Collection
* [http://vireo.acnatsci.org/search.html?Form=Search&SEARCHBY=Common&KEYWORDS=bright-rumped+attila&showwhat=images&AGE=All&SEX=All&ACT=All&Search=Search&VIEW=All&ORIENTATION=All&RESULTS=24 Bright-rumped Attila photo gallery] VIREO
* [http://tropicalbirding.com/images/neotropics/mexico/sanblas/brattila.jpgPhoto-High Res] ; [http://tropicalbirding.com/sanblas.html Article] tropicalbirding
* [http://www.cayaya-birding.com/slideshow/attila.jpgPhoto-High Res] ; [http://www.cayaya-birding.com/slideshow/attila.htm Article] cayaya-birding [http://www.cayaya-birding.com/slideshow/overview.htm Page 1] ; [http://www.cayaya-birding.com/index.html?http://www.cayaya-birding.com/slideshow.htm Page 0]