- Timeline of Argentine history
This is a timeline of Argentine history. To read about the background to these events, see
History of Argentina . See alsoList of Presidents of Argentina ,Lists of office-holders and ."This timeline is incomplete; some important events may be missing. Please help add to it."
5000 BC–1500 AD
*4000 BC Distinct nomadic cultures such as the
Yámana emerged in the far south
*500 BC Irrigation permitted development of sedentary agriculture of staple crops in western and northwesternAndean region
*1 AD Several corn-based civilizations developed in the western and northwestern Andean region (Ansilta, Condorhuasi, Cienaga, Aguada, Santa Maria, Huarpes,Diaguita s, Sanavirones, among others)
*600 Development of metallurgical technologies, permitting elaboratebronze works
*850 Emergence of fortified urban settlements
*1480 TheInca Empire , under the rule of emperor Pachacutec, launched an offensive and conquered present-day northwestern Argentina, integrating it into a region calledCollasuyu 1500s
*1516 Spanish navigator
Juan Díaz de Solís firstEurope an explorer to visitRío de la Plata , on territory which is nowArgentina ; Díaz de Solís killed and supposedly cannibalised by nativeCharrúa ,Querandí orGuaraní
*1526 Sebastian Cabot sailed upParaná River and built short-lived fort near modernRosario
*1536 "Santa María del Buen Ayre" founded byPedro de Mendoza on site of modernBuenos Aires
*1541 Santa María del Buen Ayre settlement abandoned after indigenous attacks
*1553Santiago del Estero founded byFrancisco de Aguirre (some claim 1550)
*1561 Mendoza founded
*1562 San Juan founded
*1573 Córdoba and Santa Fe founded
*1580 Permanent colony re-established by Spain on the site of Buenos Aires as part of theViceroyalty of Peru ; initial settlement was primarily overland fromPeru
*1582Salta founded
*1591 La Rioja founded
*1593San Salvador de Jujuy founded1600s
*1609 First
Jesuit missions to the Guaraní founded in theUpper Paraná area
*1622 University of Córdoba founded by Jesuits
*1657Diaguita rebellion led by Spanish rebel,Pedro Bohórquez
*1661San Ignacio school in Córdoba founded by Jesuits
*1685 City ofTucumán moved to present location1700s
*1767 Jesuits expelled from Spanish territories
*1776Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata ("Virreinato del Río de la Plata") comprising today's Argentina,Uruguay , andParaguay , as well as much of present-dayBolivia , declared with Buenos Aires as its capital1800–1825
*1806, 1807
British invasions of the Río de la Plata unsuccessfully attempt to establish control over Spain's southern colonies as part of theNapoleonic Wars . Spanish troops offer no defence but British repelled by local civilians and militias
*1810
** May 1810 - News ofNapoleon 's invasion of Spain caused a power vacuum inBuenos Aires leading to a series of events known as theMay Revolution :
**Secret meetings in May 1810 organised a petition for an open meeting - "Cabildo Abierto"
**The petition was refused byviceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros but popular protest forced his hand on22 May .
**The "Cabildo" opened its session on22 May with 251 of the city's most prominent citizens, and discussed the future government of the provinces
**On23 May the assembly voted for the removal of the viceroy and the creation of thePrimera Junta of locals to govern Buenos Aires, proclaiming loyalty toFerdinand VII . This was properly agreed and the Junta sworn in on25 May
**December 1810Junta Grande , with delegates from other provinces of theUnited Provinces of the River Plate , replaced Primera Junta
*1810-11 Unsuccessful military campaigns inParaguay and Alto Perú failed to gather support for joint action by the entire viceroyalty against Spanish forces
*1811 First Triumvirate ofFeliciano Chiclana ,Juan José Paso andManuel de Sarratea replaced Junta Grande in September 1811
*1812
**TheJujuy Exodus of August 1812 was led byManuel Belgrano , with several thousand soldiers and civilians retreating from Jujuy and Salta, to avoid military defeat and defections
**Second Triumvirate ofNicolás Rodriguez Peña ,Antonio Álvarez Jonte and Juan José Paso replaced First Triumvirate
*1813
**TheBattle of San Lorenzo in February first full battle of theArgentine War of Independence
**The "Asamblea del año XIII called in February to plan further military campaigns and organise defence of Buenos Aires
*1814
**Action of 14 May 1814 saw United Provinces' fleet defeat Spanish navy securing coast
**Second Triumvirate replaced by position of Supreme Director, first occupied byGervasio Antonio de Posadas
*1815 Defeats in battles in late 1815 led to final loss of modernBolivia
*1816
**In March an assembly of provincial delegates met as theCongress of Tucumán to discuss future military and political developments
**On9 July 1816 , the Congress declared the independence of Argentina
*1820 The Battle of Cepeda took place between Unitarians who supported a strong centralised state, and Federals, largely provincial "caudillo " warlords who wanted decentralised authority. The Federals won and the February 1820Treaty of Pilar declared Argentina as a federal country, although Unitarian ideals continued1825–1900
*1825 The
United Kingdom recognises Argentine independence.
*1825 Deputies from the eastern bank of theRío de la Plata declare independence fromBrazil , leading to theArgentina-Brazil War . The 1827Battle of Ituzaingó saw tactical success for Argentina. The war ended in 1828 with a treaty giving independence toUruguay
*1829Juan Manuel de Rosas became governor ofBuenos Aires Province
*1830Yaghan aboriginalJemmy Button (Orundellico) taken fromTierra del Fuego toEngland byRobert FitzRoy on "HMS Beagle "
*1831Pacto Federal signed between provinces to protect federal nature of country
*1831-1834The Voyage of the Beagle withCharles Darwin andRobert FitzRoy visited the Río de la Plata,Patagonia andTierra del Fuego
*1831 ArgentineGovernor of the Falkland Islands Luis Vernet is expelled by "USS Lexington" following his seizure ofUnited States interests. New governor murdered in 1832 mutiny
*1833 Argentine state launches a campaign ofgenocide against the aboriginal peoples under the command ofJuan Manuel de Rosas
*1833 British forces re-occupy the Falkland Islands
*1859 Rosas made Supreme Chief of theArgentine Confederation
*1852 Rosas overthrown byJusto José de Urquiza followingBattle of Caseros
*:Signature of theSan Nicolás Agreement between all provinces but Buenos Aires, Urquiza named Supreme Director
*1853 Constitution of Argentina agreed by assembly in Santa Fe, creating modern system of government
*1854 Urquiza became firstPresident of Argentina in modern sense but opposed by Buenos Aires, still opposed to federal project
*1859 Defeat of Unitarian forces led byBartolomé Mitre by Urquiza and federals at Battle of Cepeda; Buenos Aires re-enters confederation
*1861 Mendoza earthquake kills 8,000 to 10,000 citizens of Mendoza
*1864 Start ofWar of the Triple Alliance betweenParaguay and the Triple Alliance of Argentina,Brazil andUruguay , leading to utter defeat of Paraguay by 1870
*1878 Commencement of thegenocidal Conquest of the Desert against indigenous inhabitants of the south led byJulio Argentino Roca ; final surrender by 1884
*1880 Roca became president, finally defeated federals and moved capital to Buenos Aires fromRosario
*1890 Founding of theRadical Civic Union (UCR) or Radical Party
*1890 ThePanic of 1890 brought theBaring Brothers bank inLondon close to collapse after disastrous investments in Argentina
*1895Mandatory military service (Conscription) established1900s
*1912
Sáenz Peña Law introduces universal, secret and compulsory male suffrage, end of theGeneration of '80
*1914 Start of presidency ofHipólito Yrigoyen , UCR democratic reformist
*1918 Students strikes and demonstrations enforce the university reform of shared powers between teachers, graduates and students
*1927Fabrica Militar de Aviones aircraft factory founded in Cordoba
*1930 Military coup deposed Yrigoyen, starting the 'Infamous Decade'
*1931 GeneralAgustín Justo declared winner of Presidency following 'patriotic fraud' in election
*1943 'National Revolution' led by nationalist military officers including ColonelJuan Perón ; ensured continued non-intervention inWorld War II
*1944 San Juan earthquake destroys provincial capital, kills 10,000
*1945 Argentina entersWorld War II on the side of theAllies and admitted as founding member ofUnited Nations
*1945 Perón arrested then freed after major popular protest by those known as the "Descamisado s"
*1946 Perón elected President; re-elected to presidency in 1951
*1946 Indigenous people march inMalón de la Paz to Buenos Aires to demand land rights
*1947 Women's suffrage is approved
*1950 First flight of theFMA IAe 33 Pulqui II , the first jet fighter to be entirely developed and built inLatin America and the 6th in the World.
*1950 TheNational Atomic Energy Commission ("Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica", CNEA) is founded
*1952 Death ofEva Perón
*1955 Perón ousted in 'Liberating Revolution' military coup
*1956 INTA, the National Agricultural Technology Institute, is created
*1957 INTI, the National Industrial Technology Institute, is created
*1958ARA Independencia , the first aircraft carrier of theArgentine Navy enter service
*1962 Military coup ended presidency of civilianArturo Frondizi
*1966 GeneralJuan Carlos Onganía assumed power and represses political parties
*1967 Death of Ernesto 'Che' Guevara
*1969 In theCordobazo popular protests of May 1969, thousands of citizens routed the army and police and took control of Córdoba for two days
*1969 Acounter-insurgency aircraft, theFMA IA 58 Pucará , flies for the first time
*1969 Aircraft carrierARA Veinticinco de Mayo replaces ARA Independencia
*1970 GeneralAlejandro Lanusse emerged as President after Onganía toppled
*1970-76 Civil conflict and terrorist attacks, principally by left-wing "Montoneros " and "Ejercito Revolucionario del Pueblo " opposed by paramilitary Argentine Anticommunist Alliance
*1973 The Ezeiza massacre takes place upon Perón's return from exile, when members of the Triple A open fire on the crowd awaiting him.
*1973 Democratic elections broughtPeronist Héctor Cámpora to power; Perón elected president in fresh elections later that year
*1974Atucha I nuclear power plant , the first nuclear power plant inLatin America , began operation
*1974 Perón died, leaving widowIsabel Martínez de Perón as president
*1976 Military coup in March deposed Martínez de Perón
*1976 The high-technology companyINVAP is created
*1976-1983 TheProceso de Reorganización Nacional military government led by Jorge Vileda repressed political and armed opposition through use of torture,forced disappearance and extra-judicial killing up of to 30,000 people
*1978 Argentina hosted and won the1978 Football World Cup
*1978 Argentina refused the bindingBeagle Channel Arbitration and started theOperation Soberania in order to invadeChile
*1982 Leader GeneralLeopoldo Galtieri sent troops to theFalkland Islands triggeringFalklands War ; British task force retook islands by mid-June
*1983 Military government collapsed; election of RadicalRaúl Alfonsín as president
*1984 TheTreaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina ends border dispute over Picton,Nueva and Lennox islands
*1984Embalse nuclear power plant began operations
*1984 The trainer aircraftFMA IA 63 Pampa flight for the first time.
*1985 "La Historia Oficial" film won theAcademy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
*1986 Argentina wins1986 Football World Cup , captained byDiego Maradona
*1987 First uprising by "Carapintadas ", commanded by ColonelAldo Rico , two arrested. Alfonsín delares "La casa está en orden" (The house is in order)
*1988 Second "Carapintada" revolt, again under Rico's command in January, 300 arrested
*1988 Third and last "Carapintada" uprising, led byMohammed Alí Seineldín , two arrested
*1989 Dissident military group attacks "La Tablada" regiment, but are finally seized
*1989 Hyper-inflation and political turmoil brings PeronistCarlos Menem to power in election
*1990-1999 Neo-liberal economic policies and privatisations brought general strikes, hunger strikes and political party realignments
*1991 Peso pegged toUS Dollar
*1991 Argentina is the onlyLatin American country to participate in the firstGulf War under mandate of theUnited Nations
*1991Mercosur customs union founded by theTreaty of Asunción
*1991 Argentina,Brazil andChile signed the Mendoza Declaration prohibiting Chemical Weapons
*1992Israeli Embassy attack in Buenos Aires killed 29 in terrorist attack
*1993 Argentina joinsUNFICYP mission atCyprus . As of2006 , ground troops and helicopters are serving there and since 1999 have other Latin American countries troops embedded.
*1994 Following thePacto de Olivos , the constitution reform is agreed, allowing Presidents to serve second consecutive term
*1994 Bombing of AMIA Jewish Community Centre in Buenos Aires, killing 85
*1994 The murder of Conscript Omar Carrasco led to the abolition ofConscription
*1995 Menem won second term
*1995 Argentina acceded to theNuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
*1995 FMA privatized intoLockheed Martin Aircraft Argentina
*1996 RadicalFernando de la Rúa elected firstMayor of Buenos Aires
*1997 Radicals, left-wingFrePaSo and others joined forces as "Alianza" electoral alliance to oppose Menem and Peronists
*1997 TheA-4AR Fightinghawk enter service in theArgentine Air Force
*1998 U.S. PresidentBill Clinton designated Argentina as amajor non-NATO ally
*1999 De la Rúa won Presidency as head of the Alianza, but was confronted by growing economic crisis
*1999 In one of the worst accidents in the history of Argentinian aviation,LAPA flight 3142 crash atAeroparque Jorge Newbery airport resulted in 65 fatalities.ince 2000
thumb|200px|right|Néstor Kirchner ]
*2000 Hitech companyINVAP is chosen byAustralia to design and construct theOPAL nuclear reactor
*2000 Vice-President Carlos Álvarez resigned in protest political bribes scandal, precipitating crisis in ruling alliance
*2001 In March, the remainingFrePaSo ministers resigned from government in protest at economic and labour reforms
*2001 In November, the government responded to a run on banks by limiting access to bank deposits in the "corralito "
*2001 In December, events that have become known as the "Argentinazo " took place:
**middle classes, exasperated with constraints of "corralito", took to streets in protest in the "Cacerolazo "
**Trade unions and "piqueteros " began protests, and shops and businesses were ransacked
**Violent protests and mass demonstrations in thePlaza de Mayo ; 26 die in protests nationwide
**Finance ministerDomingo Cavallo and President de la Rúa resigned in quick succession on 19 and20 December
**Provincial governorAdolfo Rodríguez Saá appointed president byArgentine Congress on22 December
**Rodríguez Saá declared a short-lived debt moratorium. After a few days, Argentina officially defaulted on $93 billion of its debt to theInternational Monetary Fund and creditors
**Rodríguez Saá resigned after a week following lack of support from colleagues
**Eduardo Duhalde , losing candidate in the 1999 presidential elections, appointed president with broad cross-party support
*2002 Duhalde imposes further financial measures, including converting dollar accounts to pesos, scrapping 1:1 parity with the dollar, and social measures to bring economy under control
*2003 Former President Carlos Menem wins first round of presidential election but pulls out facing certain defeat, handing victory to fellow Peronist Néstor Kirchner
*2004 In April more than 100,000 people demonstrated in Buenos Aires in support ofJuan Carlos Blumberg , father of murdered studentAxel Blumberg , demanding harsher criminal laws
*2004 Kirchner pursuedArgentine debt restructuring
*2004 Natural gas supply shortage produced tension withChile
*2004Antarctic Treaty Secretariat established inBuenos Aires
*2004 A fire in theRepública Cromagnon nightclub in Buenos Aires kills 194 people and injures 714
*2005 Relations between Catholic Church and government broke down in February row between military chaplain and minister over abortion
*2005 Supreme Court overruled 'Laws of Pardon' that were used to pardon military figures of theDirty War
*2005 First disputes of theCellulose plant conflict between Argentina and Uruguay
*2005 Mid-term elections in October saw a massive split in theJusticialist Party between Kirchner's centre-leftFront for Victory faction and the rump of his former patron Duhalde and other provincial leaders; Front for Victory wins by large margin
*2005 Massive demonstrations againstU.S. President George W. Bush at theFourth Summit of the Americas inMar del Plata
*2005 In December, Kirchner announced cancellation of IMF debt with single, final payment
*2006 Buenos Aires mayorAníbal Ibarra removed from office following accusations of negligence regarding theRepública Cromagnon nightclub fire of 2004
*2007 Catholic priestChristian Von Wernich is found guilty of involvement in seven murders and 42 cases of kidnapping and torture related to the state-sponsoredDirty War . Von Wernich is sentenced to life imprisonment.
*2007 Cristina Kirchner assumes as new president of Argentina.ee also
*
Historical exchange rates of Argentine currency References
*López Levy, Marcela, 2004. "We are Millions: Neo-liberalism and new forms of political action in Argentina",
Latin America Bureau ,London . ISBN 1-899365-63-X
*Nouzeilles, Gabriela and Montaldo, Graciela (eds), 2002. "The Argentina Reader: History, Culture, Politics", Duke University Press, Durham andLondon . ISBN 0-8223-2914-X
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